How Lethal is Kyasanur Forest Disease? – Signs & Symptoms, Prevention, Treatment – Everything you Need to Know – 10 Key Facts
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Introduction to Kyasanur Forest Disease UPSC
Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD), also known as ‘Monkey Disease’ is spreading in many states of India mainly southern state of Karnataka in India. From 1st of January 2024, till now, 2 people have already died of Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD). This disease mainly spread of bites of infected ticks. A environment where moisture is everywhere, ticks can be found anywhere & this is why, In India, people are scare of Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) & they should be.
If you are preparing for major competitive examination in India such as UPSC, SSC & more, then knowing about Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) or Monkey Disease can be a key point to you because it related with UPSC current affairs, UPSC Science, Health Precautions & General Awareness.
If you are here to know about Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) in detail, then in this blog, we will tell you all details about Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) or Monkey Disease.
So, let’s start-
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Why Kyasanur Forest Disease is in the news?
Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD), colloquially known as monkey fever, emerged in 1956 in Karnataka’s Shivamogga district. Spread through tick bites, it affects primates and can be transmitted to humans visiting infected forest areas.
Since January 1, 2024, two deaths and 68 confirmed cases prompted the Health Department to act. Symptoms include fever, headache, and bleeding, with no specific treatment available. The disease’s geographical reach has expanded since 1971, reaching districts like Uttara Kannada and states like Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
The government provides free treatment, distributes tick repellents, and explores vaccine development in collaboration with Indian Immunologicals.
Source – The Hindu
What is Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) / Monkey Disease?
Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD), also called Monkey Disease, is a disease caused by the Kyasanur Forest Disease virus (KFDV). Discovered in 1957 from a sick monkey in Karnataka, India, it makes around 400-500 people sick every year.
The virus mainly spread out through ticks, like Hemaphysalis spinigera. Once these ticks get infected, they carry the virus for life. Rodents, shrews, and monkeys can catch the virus when bitten by these ticks. The disease can cause outbreaks, especially among monkeys, where many can get very sick or die.
People with KFD might have symptoms like fever, bad headaches, body pain, and, in serious cases, bleeding. Right now, there’s no special medicine or vaccine for it.
History of Kyasanur Forest Disease / Monkey Disease
The history of Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) dates back to 1957 when it was first identified in the Kyasanur Forest of Karnataka, India. Scientists noticed a significant number of monkey deaths and later isolated the Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus (KFDV) from an infected monkey.
The first documented human case of Kyasanur Forest Disease was identified in 1956, in the vicinity of the Kyasanur Forest in the Shimoga district of Karnataka, India.
From the late 1950s to the 1980s, extensive research focused on understanding the virus, its transmission through hard ticks like Hemaphysalis spinigera, and its impact on various animal hosts, including rodents, shrews, and primates.
A major outbreak in 1983-1984 emphasized the disease’s potential public health impact, with over 2,500 reported human cases.
In the 1990s, KFD faced geographical expansion, reaching previously unaffected districts in Karnataka, Maharashtra, Goa, and Tamil Nadu. Factors like deforestation, habitat changes, and human-animal interactions contributed to this spread.
How does Kyasanur Forest Disease Spread / Transmit
We have explained the Transmission Carrier of Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) below-
1. Kyasanur Forest Disease primarily spreads through tick bites:
- Hard ticks of the species Hemaphysalis spinigera act as the main reservoir and vector of the KFD virus.
- Infected ticks transmit the virus to humans while feeding on their blood.
- The virus remains in the tick throughout its life stages, allowing for transstadial and transovarial transmission (meaning eggs laid by infected females carry the virus).
2. Some additional transmission details:
- Direct contact with infected animals, particularly sick or dead monkeys: Although not the main route, contact with infected animal tissue or fluids can potentially transmit the virus, especially through open wounds or mucous membranes.
- Person-to-person transmission: Currently, there is no evidence of KFD spreading directly from person to person.
3. Important points to remember:
- Large animals like cows, goats, and sheep can harbor the virus, but their role in human transmission is considered minimal.
- Consuming milk from unpasteurized animals in KFD-endemic areas is not believed to transmit the disease.
- The risk of KFD is highest in forested areas and rural communities where people have regular contact with ticks and potential animal reservoirs.
Signs & Symptoms of Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) / Monkey Disease
KFD, sometimes referred to as “Monkey Disease” due to its prevalence in non-human primates, shows a biphasic pattern, meaning symptoms usually occur in two distinct phases:
Phase 1 (3-8 days after exposure):
- Sudden onset of fever, chills, and headache: These are the most common initial symptoms, experienced by nearly all infected individuals.
- Severe muscle pain: Particularly in the neck, back, and extremities, often described as excruciating.
- Malaise and weakness: Feeling generally unwell and lacking energy.
- Nausea and vomiting: May occur in some cases.
- Conjunctival injection: Inflammation of the whites of the eyes.
Phase 2 (1-2 weeks after initial symptoms, occurs in 10-20% of infected individuals):
- Relapse of fever: May be even higher than in the first phase.
- Neurological symptoms: These can vary and may include:
- Severe headache
- Confusion
- Disorientation
- Tremors
- Vision problems
- In severe cases, seizures and coma are possible.
- Hemorrhagic manifestations: Bleeding from gums, nose, or gastrointestinal tract can occur in this phase, making it crucial to seek immediate medical attention.
Additional points to remember:
- The incubation period (time between exposure and symptom onset) typically ranges from 3 to 8 days.
- While most individuals recover without complications, the case fatality rate for KFD can range from 3 to 5%.
- Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to improve outcomes and prevent severe complications.
Risk of Exposure in Kyasanur Forest Disease
Until recently, Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) primarily affected western and central districts of Karnataka State, India. However, in November 2012, alarming findings emerged when samples from humans and monkeys in the southernmost district, bordering Tamil Nadu and Kerala States, tested positive for the Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus (KFDV).
This raised concerns about the potential broader distribution of the virus. Moreover, a closely related virus, Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever virus, has been identified in Saudi Arabia.
Individuals engaging in recreational or occupational activities in rural or outdoor settings within Karnataka State, such as hunters, herders, forest workers, and farmers, face potential exposure to infected ticks and are at risk of infection.
Seasonality adds to the risk, with a higher incidence of cases reported during the dry season from November through June. This underscores the importance of awareness and protective measures for those with possible exposure to mitigate the risk of contracting Kyasanur Forest Disease.
How Lethel is Kyasanur Forest Disease / Monkey Disease?
Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) can range in severity, and its lethality depends on several factors, including:
- Individual health: Underlying medical conditions or a weakened immune system can increase the risk of severe complications and death.
- Promptness of diagnosis and treatment: Early intervention with supportive care and potential antiviral therapy can significantly improve outcomes.
- Strain of the virus: Some strains of KFD virus may be more aggressive than others, leading to higher case fatality rates in certain outbreaks.
However, based on available data, here’s a breakdown of KFD’s overall lethality:
- Estimated case-fatality rate: The range typically falls between 3 to 5%, meaning for every 100 confirmed KFD cases, roughly 3-5 individuals might succumb to the disease.
- Individual reports: Studies and outbreaks have reported varying fatality rates between 2-10%. In severe situations, like the 1983-1984 outbreak, fatality rates might reach up to 15%.
Diagnosis of Kyasanur Forest Disease
Diagnosing Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) involves a two-pronged approach, considering both clinical presentation and laboratory testing:
Clinical Presentation
1. Early stage (3-8 days after exposure):
- High fever, chills, and headache are the hallmark symptoms, affecting nearly all patients.
- Severe muscle pain, particularly in the neck, back, and extremities, is another prominent feature.
- Other possible symptoms include malaise, nausea, vomiting, and conjunctival injection.
2. Second stage (1-2 weeks later, in 10-20% of cases):
- Relapse of fever, often higher than in the first phase.
- Neurological symptoms like severe headache, confusion, disorientation, tremors, and vision problems.
- Hemorrhagic manifestations like bleeding from gums, nose, or gastrointestinal tract can be alarming and require immediate medical attention.
Laboratory Testing
1. Early diagnosis:
- Molecular methods: These are the most rapid and sensitive detection methods, including:
- Real-Time PCR: Detects viral RNA in blood samples during the acute phase.
- Virus isolation: Isolating the virus from blood samples is slower but confirms the diagnosis definitively.
2. Later diagnosis:
- Serological tests: These detect antibodies produced by the immune system in response to the virus. They are helpful for identifying past infections but not suitable for acute diagnosis.
- ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay): Detects IgM antibodies indicating recent infection.
- Neutralization test: Detects IgG antibodies confirming exposure but not necessarily recent infection.
Factors affecting diagnosis
- Timing of symptoms: Tests are most effective during the early stages of the disease.
- Availability of resources: Advanced testing methods might not be readily available in all healthcare settings.
- Clinical expertise: Recognizing KFD, especially in areas with low prevalence, requires awareness and experience.
Treatment of Kyasanur Forest Disease / Monkey Disease
Unfortunately, there was no specific antiviral treatment available for Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD). However, prompt and comprehensive supportive care is crucial for improving outcomes and preventing complications. Here’s what you need to know about KFD treatment:
Main focus of treatment:
- Maintaining hydration and electrolyte balance: Patients often experience fever, vomiting, and bleeding, leading to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. Intravenous fluids, electrolytes, and blood transfusions might be necessary depending on the severity.
- Managing symptoms: Medications can be used to address fever, pain, and other symptoms to improve comfort and well-being.
- Preventing secondary infections: Patients with weakened immune systems are susceptible to bacterial infections, requiring appropriate antibiotics if needed.
- Supportive care for complications: In severe cases, complications like seizures, bleeding, and neurological problems might require specialized interventions.
Kyasanur Forest Disease Vaccine
The good news is that there is a vaccine available for Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD)! This vaccine can significantly reduce your risk of contracting the disease, especially if you live in or frequently visit areas where KFD is endemic.
Here’s what you need to know about the KFD vaccine:
- Type: Formalin-inactivated tissue culture vaccine
- Manufacturer: Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals (IAH & VB), Bengaluru, India
- Target population: Primarily recommended for individuals aged 7-65 years living in or visiting high-risk areas
- Schedule:
- Two doses administered one month apart, followed by periodic boosters every 6-9 months
- The number of boosters may vary depending on individual risk factors and local recommendations
- Effectiveness:
- Studies have shown the vaccine to be highly effective in preventing KFD.
- One dose: Provides around 62% protection
- Two doses: Increases protection to 83%
- Two doses and a booster: Offers the highest level of protection, exceeding 90%
- Safety:
- The vaccine is generally considered safe, with mild side effects like pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site being the most common.
- More serious side effects are extremely rare.
- Availability:
- The KFD vaccine is primarily available in India, particularly in KFD-endemic regions.
- If you are planning to travel to an area where KFD is a risk, consult your healthcare provider about getting vaccinated.
How to prevent form Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD)?
While there’s no foolproof method to guarantee complete protection from Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD), several preventive measures can significantly reduce your risk:
Personal Protection
- Reduce tick bites: This is the primary defense against KFD transmission.
- Wear protective clothing: Long-sleeved shirts, long pants, and closed-toe shoes are crucial when venturing into tick-infested areas. Tucking pants into socks adds another layer of protection.
- Apply insect repellent: Choose repellents containing DEET (N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide) at a concentration of 20-30% for adults and 10% for children. Follow usage guidelines carefully and reapply at recommended intervals.
- Perform regular tick checks: Inspect yourself and your clothes thoroughly after spending time outdoors, especially in areas with potential tick presence. Remove any attached ticks promptly and carefully.
Environmental Control
- Reduce tick habitat: If you live in a KFD-endemic area, consider clearing brush and debris around your home to reduce potential tick breeding grounds.
- Treat pets with approved tick preventive medication: This helps control tick populations that could come into contact with humans.
Vaccination
- Get vaccinated if eligible: The KFD vaccine is highly effective in preventing the disease and is recommended for individuals at high risk, such as those living in or frequently visiting endemic areas. Consult your healthcare provider for advice on vaccination suitability.
Key Facts about Kyasanur Forest Disease / Monkey Disease
We have added a few key facts about Kyasanur Forest Disease / Monkey Disease below-
| Fact | Description |
| Origin | First identified and named in 1957 in the Kyasanur Forest, Shimoga district, Karnataka, India. |
| Virus name | Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus (KFDV), belonging to the Flaviviridae family. |
| Vaccine name | KFD vaccine, formalin-inactivated tissue culture vaccine. |
| Case fatality rate | 3-5% (Normal cases), but can vary depending on individual factors and promptness of treatment. |
| Cause | Caused by the Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus (KFDV), a flavivirus. |
| Transmission | Primarily through bites of infected hard ticks (Hemaphysalis spinigera). |
| Prevention tips | – Wear protective clothing (long sleeves, pants, closed shoes) – Apply insect repellent with DEET (20-30% for adults, 10% for children). – Perform regular tick checks and remove them promptly. – Get vaccinated if eligible (high-risk individuals). – Reduce tick habitat around homes (clear brush and debris). – Treat pets with approved tick preventive medication. |
| First seen in humans | 1956 (retrospectively documented), likely in the vicinity of the Kyasanur Forest. |
| Transmission carrier | Primarily hard ticks of the species Hemaphysalis spinigera. |
| Discovered first | The virus was isolated in 1957 from a sick monkey in the Kyasanur Forest. |
| Tick species | Hemaphysalis spinigera, also known as the large brown dog tick. |
| Virus family | Flaviviridae, same family as viruses causing dengue fever, yellow fever, and Japanese encephalitis. |
| Origin | First identified and named in 1957 in the Kyasanur Forest, Shimoga district, Karnataka, India. |
| Geographic distribution | Endemic to forested areas in Western Ghats of India, with increasing reports in other states. |
| Reservoir hosts | Monkeys (macaques and langurs) serve as natural reservoirs, but other animals can carry the virus. |
| Human infection | Humans are considered “dead-end” hosts, meaning they cannot transmit the virus to others directly. |
| Incubation period | 3-8 days, but can range up to 14 days. |
| Early symptoms (Phase 1) | Sudden fever, chills, headache, severe muscle pain, nausea, vomiting, conjunctival injection. |
| Later symptoms (Phase 2, in 10-20% cases) | Relapse of fever, neurological symptoms (headache, confusion, tremors), hemorrhagic manifestations (bleeding). |
| Diagnosis | Based on clinical presentation, laboratory tests (PCR, ELISA, virus isolation). |
| Treatment | No specific antiviral treatment; supportive care focuses on managing symptoms, maintaining hydration, preventing complications. |
| Vaccine | Available and highly effective (over 90% with booster), recommended for high-risk individuals. |
| Case fatality rate | 3-5%, but can vary depending on individual factors and promptness of treatment. |
| Prevention | Reduce tick bites (protective clothing, repellent, tick checks), vaccination, environmental control (habitat reduction). |
| Risk factors | Living in or visiting endemic areas, outdoor activities in tick-infested areas, occupational exposure to animals. |
| Public health concern | KFD poses a significant public health challenge in India, with potential for geographic expansion. |
| Research ongoing | Efforts focus on improving diagnostics, developing new treatments, and understanding the virus-host dynamics. |
| Early diagnosis crucial | Seeking medical attention promptly upon experiencing symptoms improves outcomes and prevents complications. |
| Community awareness | Educating communities about KFD, its symptoms, and prevention measures is vital for control. |
| One Health approach | Understanding the interconnectedness of animal and human health is crucial for preventing KFD and similar zoonotic diseases. |
FAQs on Kyasanur Forest Disease – UPSC Questions on Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD)
Question-1: What is Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD)?
Answer. KFD is a viral disease transmitted by ticks, primarily in forested areas of Western India. It initially affects animals like monkeys and can spread to humans through tick bites.
Question-2: What are the symptoms of KFD?
Answer. Early symptoms include fever, chills, headache, and severe muscle pain. Later stages can involve neurological issues, bleeding, and relapse of fever.
Question-3: How serious is KFD?
Answer. The case fatality rate is around 3-5%, but early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent complications.
Question-4: How is KFD transmitted?
Answer. The main transmission route is through bites from infected hard ticks (Hemaphysalis spinigera).
Question-5: Can humans transmit KFD to each other?
Answer. No, direct human-to-human transmission is not currently known to occur.
Question-6: Is there a vaccine for KFD?
Answer. Yes, a highly effective vaccine (>90%) is available and recommended for individuals at high risk, such as those living in or frequently visiting endemic areas.
Question-7: How can I prevent KFD?
Answer. Reduce tick bites by wearing protective clothing, using insect repellent, and performing regular tick checks. Vaccination and environmental control in high-risk areas are also important.
Question-8: What are the risk factors for KFD?
Answer. Living in or visiting endemic areas, outdoor activities in tick-infested areas, and occupational exposure to animals increase the risk.
Question-9: What should I do if I think I might have KFD?
Answer. Seek immediate medical attention if you experience symptoms, especially after exposure to ticks in an endemic area.
Question-10: Is there ongoing research on KFD?
Answer. Yes, research is ongoing to improve diagnostics, develop new treatments, and understand the virus-host dynamics to better control and prevent KFD.
Bonus FAQ:
Question-11: Is there a connection between KFD and Monkeypox?
Answer. While both diseases share the name “monkey” and can affect primates, they are caused by different viruses and have distinct characteristics. KFD is a flavivirus transmitted by ticks, while Monkeypox is an orthopoxvirus with potential for person-to-person transmission.
