Introduction to Salient Features of Indian Constitution UPSC

In India, or in anywhere in the world, If you are preparing for an government exam then you must have to know about the guidance book of that country on which it runs, means the constitution. Almost in all countries, either there are written or verbal constitution, but there are constitution & these constitutions has their own Salient Features.

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What is Difference Between Salient Features & Basic Features?

The terms “salient features” and “basic features” are often used interchangeably, but they can have slightly different connotations in different contexts. In the context of legal or constitutional matters, including the Indian Constitution, the distinction might be subtle.

1. Basic Features

• Basic features generally refer to the core, essential elements or principles that are fundamental to the structure or essence of a system, document, or concept.
• In the context of a constitution, basic features are the foundational principles that form the backbone of the constitutional framework. They are integral and indispensable to the system’s functioning.
• Basic features are typically enduring and not easily subject to change or amendment.

2. Salient Features

• Salient features, on the other hand, often refer to the most noticeable or prominent aspects of something. They are the features that stand out or are particularly significant.
• In the context of a constitution, salient features could be the distinctive characteristics or highlights that make it unique or noteworthy.
• Salient features may encompass both basic features and additional notable aspects that draw attention.

What are Salient Features of Indian Constitution? – Salient features of Constitution of India UPSC

To be precise, we have used the book of M. lakshmikant for Indian Polity for add Salient Features of Indian Constitution

Complete List of Salient Features of Indian Constitution UPSC

We have enlisted almost all Salient Features of Indian Constitution below. This table will help you to understand Salient Features of Indian Constitution & help you to perform well in Major Competitive Exams in India like UPSC.

Salient Features of Indian Constitution Explained & Simplified at a time – Salient Features of Indian Constitution UPSC

We have explained all Salient Features of the Indian Constitution below-

1. Lengthiest Written Constitution [1^st of the Salient Feature from 16 Key Features of Indian Constitution UPSC / Salient Features of Indian Constitution UPSC]

Constitutions worldwide are categorized as written or unwritten. The Indian Constitution holds the distinction of being the lengthiest among all written constitutions globally. Originally drafted in 1949, it consisted of a Preamble, 395 Articles, and 8 Schedules.

Key Points –

1. Comprehensive and detailed, addressing fundamental principles and administrative provisions.
2. Evolved from 395 Articles to approximately 465 due to amendments.
3. Unprecedented size globally, with 25 Parts and 12 Schedules.
4. Geographical vastness and diversity of India contributed to its extensive content.
5. Historical influences, particularly the bulky Government of India Act of 1935, played a role.
6. Singular constitution for both the central government and states (excluding Jammu and Kashmir) led to added complexity.
7. Presence of legal experts in the Constituent Assembly influenced the document’s thoroughness.
8. The Constitution serves as a guide not only for governance principles but also for detailed administrative provisions.
9. Inclusion of matters usually left to ordinary legislation or political conventions in other democracies.
10. Reflects the historical evolution of India’s legal and political landscape through amendments and additions.
11. The constitutional framework adapted to accommodate the diverse needs of a vast and varied nation.
12. Amendments resulted in the deletion of articles and addition of new parts, reflecting a dynamic governance structure.
13. India stands out with a constitution that combines a mix of federal and unitary features.
14. A testament to the adaptability of the Indian legal system over time.
15. The Constitution’s size mirrors the enormity and complexity of governing a country as diverse as India.
16. The inclusion of various schedules addresses specific aspects like the distribution of powers and tribal areas.
17. Offers insights into the legal minds and the democratic vision of the framers of the constitution.
18. The dynamic nature of the constitution reflects a commitment to upholding justice and equality.
19. The comprehensive nature ensures that basic principles and minute details are covered under the constitutional framework.
20. Continues to serve as a living document, adapting to contemporary challenges through amendments and judicial interpretations.

2. Drawn From Various Sources [2^nd of the Salient Feature from 16 Key Features of Indian Constitution UPSC / Salient Features of Indian Constitution UPSC]

The Constitution of India is a unique amalgamation, borrowing extensively from the constitutions of different countries and the Government of India Act of 1935. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar proudly stated that it was framed after examining ‘all the known Constitutions of the World.’ The structural elements come from the Government of India Act, the Fundamental Rights from the American Constitution, and the Directive Principles from the Irish Constitution.

Key Points –

1. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar led the framing of the Constitution, drawing inspiration from known constitutions globally.
2. The structural elements heavily derive from the Government of India Act, 1935.
3. Philosophical aspects, such as Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles, find inspiration from the American and Irish Constitutions, respectively.
4. Political features, like the principle of Cabinet Government, are largely borrowed from the British Constitution.
5. Provisions from various countries, including Canada, Australia, Germany, USSR (now Russia), France, South Africa, and Japan, contribute to the diverse character of the Indian Constitution.
6. The Government of India Act, 1935, serves as a significant source, influencing the federal scheme, judiciary, governors, emergency powers, public service commissions, and various administrative details.
7. More than half of the Constitution’s provisions closely resemble or are identical to those in the Government of India Act, 1935.
8. The Constitution reflects a thoughtful adaptation of global constitutional practices to suit the unique needs of India.
9. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s acknowledgment of examining constitutions worldwide highlights the thoroughness of the drafting process.
10. The borrowing of provisions from diverse sources contributes to the richness and inclusivity of the Indian Constitution.
11. The American and Irish influences on Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles showcase a commitment to individual liberties and societal welfare.
12. The Constitution’s political framework, encompassing executive-legislature relations, echoes principles found in the British Constitution.
13. The extensive borrowing emphasizes a pragmatic approach to governance, recognizing successful constitutional practices globally.
14. The Indian Constitution’s uniqueness lies in its ability to blend borrowed elements into a cohesive and adaptable framework.
15. The Constitution serves as a testament to India’s commitment to democracy, justice, and the rule of law, influenced by global constitutional traditions.
16. The global influences in the Constitution contribute to a broader perspective, aligning with India’s diverse cultural and historical background.
17. The incorporation of provisions from the Government of India Act, 1935, reflects continuity and stability in administrative structures.
18. The framers’ choice to draw from multiple sources demonstrates a nuanced understanding of governance principles across different cultures and legal systems.
19. The diversity of sources reflects the framers’ intention to create a Constitution that accommodates the complexities of a vast and diverse nation.
20. The Constitution’s adaptability and responsiveness to changing times are evident in its synthesis of global influences into a uniquely Indian legal framework.

3. Blend of Rigidity and Flexibility [3^rd of the Salient Feature from 16 Key Features of Indian Constitution UPSC / Salient Features of Indian Constitution UPSC]

Constitutions are classified as rigid or flexible. The Indian Constitution uniquely blends both. Article 368 outlines two amendment methods: special majority of Parliament or with state ratification. Some amendments require a simple parliamentary majority, not under Article 368, offering a balanced mix of rigidity and flexibility to adapt to changing needs.

Key points –

1. Unique Synthesis: The Indian Constitution innovatively combines features of both rigid and flexible constitutions.
2. Article 368: Governs amendments, offering two methods – special majority of Parliament and state ratification.
3. Two-thirds Majority: Certain amendments demand a two-thirds majority of Parliament members.
4. Total Membership Majority: Others need a majority of total membership in each House.
5. State Ratification: Some amendments require ratification by half of the total states.
6. Simple Majority: Specific provisions can be amended by a simple parliamentary majority.
7. Not Under Article 368: These amendments are not governed by Article 368.
8. Adaptability: The blend ensures the Constitution can adapt to both significant and routine changes.
9. Balanced Approach: Allows for stability in foundational principles while accommodating evolving societal needs.
10. Reflects Pragmatism: Demonstrates a pragmatic approach to governance, ensuring a dynamic and responsive legal framework.

4. Federal System with Unitary Bias [4^th of the Salient Feature from 16 Key Features of Indian Constitution UPSC / Salient Features of Indian Constitution UPSC]

The Indian Constitution establishes a federal system with standard features like dual governments, power division, a written Constitution, and an independent judiciary. However, it integrates unitary features such as a strong center, single Constitution, single citizenship, flexible Constitution, and centralized emergency provisions.

While not explicitly termed a federation, it’s described as a ‘Union of States,’ depicting a unique ‘federal in form but unitary in spirit’ structure.

Key Points –

1. Dual Government: The Constitution outlines distinct central and state governments.
2. Division of Powers: Clearly defines the distribution of powers between the center and states.
3. Written Constitution: The governing principles are documented in a written form.
4. Supremacy of Constitution: The Constitution is the ultimate authority in the legal framework.
5. Rigidity: Some aspects of the Constitution require a special procedure for amendment.
6. Independent Judiciary: Ensures impartial adjudication of legal matters.
7. Bicameralism: The Parliament comprises two houses, the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.
8. Strong Center: Features like single citizenship and centralized emergency provisions strengthen the central government.
9. Integrated Judiciary: The judiciary functions as a unified system without separate state and central courts.
10. Unique Terminology: The Constitution avoids the term ‘Federation,’ opting for ‘Union of States,’ signaling a non-agreement-based federation where secession is not allowed.

5. Parliamentary Form of Government [5^th of the Salient Feature from 16 Key Features of Indian Constitution UPSC / Salient Features of Indian Constitution UPSC]

India adopts the British parliamentary system, differing from the American presidential model. The parliamentary system fosters cooperation between legislative and executive branches, while the presidential system emphasizes their separation.

Key Points –

1. British Model Adoption: India chooses the British parliamentary system over the American presidential system.
2. Cooperation Principle: Based on cooperation between legislative and executive branches.
3. Separation of Powers: Differs from the American system, which emphasizes a clear separation between the two branches.
4. Also Known as ‘Westminster’: Refers to the parliamentary model named after the UK’s Westminster Palace.
5. Established at Both Levels: The parliamentary system is established at both the central and state levels in India.
6. Nominal and Real Executives: Presence of both symbolic and effective heads of state.
7. Majority Party Rule: The party with the majority in the legislature forms the government.
8. Collective Responsibility: The executive is collectively responsible to the legislature.
9. Ministerial Membership: Ministers are also members of the legislative body.
10. Leadership: Led by the prime minister at the central level and chief minister at the state level.
11. Lower House Dissolution: The lower house (Lok Sabha or Assembly) can be dissolved, leading to new elections.
12. Sovereignty Distinction: Unlike the British Parliament, the Indian Parliament is not sovereign.
13. Elected Head: India has an elected head, a republic, contrasting with the hereditary head (monarchy) in Britain.
14. Role of Prime Minister: The role of the prime minister is crucial, leading to the term ‘Prime Ministerial Government.’
15. Fundamental Differences: While modeled on the British system, there are fundamental differences, reflecting India’s unique political structure.
16. Republic Status: India’s parliamentary system aligns with its republican status, distinct from the British monarchy.
17. Political Significance of Prime Minister: In both India and Britain, the role of the prime minister is highly significant, leading to the concept of ‘Prime Ministerial Government.’
18. Adoption and Adaptation: India adapts the British model to its specific political and constitutional context.
19. Collective Decision-Making: Collective responsibility and ministerial membership in the legislature promote cohesive decision-making.
20. Dynamic Nature: The Indian parliamentary system, while rooted in the British pattern, reflects the dynamism and adaptability necessary for a diverse and evolving democracy.

6. Synthesis of Parliamentary Sovereignty and Judicial Supremacy [6^th of the Salient Feature from 16 Key Features of Indian Constitution UPSC / Salient Features of Indian Constitution UPSC]

Parliamentary sovereignty, linked with the British Parliament, contrasts with the American principle of judicial supremacy. While the Indian parliamentary system differs from the British, the Supreme Court’s judicial review in India is narrower than the U.S. due to distinct constitutional language.

Key Points –

1. Origin of Sovereignty Doctrine: The sovereignty of Parliament is a British concept.
2. Judicial Supremacy: Linked with the American Supreme Court’s authority.
3. Differences in Judicial Review: The Indian system’s judicial review scope is narrower compared to the U.S.
4. Constitutional Language: The American Constitution uses ‘due process of law,’ while the Indian Constitution specifies ‘procedure established by law’ (Article 21).
5. Synthesis Objective: The Indian Constitution’s framers aimed to blend British parliamentary sovereignty and American judicial supremacy principles.
6. Scope of Judicial Review: The Supreme Court can declare parliamentary laws unconstitutional through its judicial review power.
7. Constituent Power of Parliament: Parliament possesses the authority to amend a significant portion of the Constitution through its constituent power.
8. Balancing Act: The synthesis aims to strike a balance between the authority of Parliament and the judiciary.
9. Distinct Constitutional Language: Differences in constitutional phrasing reflect nuanced legal traditions.
10. Preference for ‘Procedure Established by Law’: The Indian Constitution’s preference over ‘due process of law’ aligns with its legal framework.
11. Constitutional Amendment Authority: Parliament holds the constitutional mandate to amend laws, showcasing its sovereignty.
12. Framers’ Intention: The synthesis reflects the framers’ intention to create a harmonious constitutional framework.
13. Checks and Balances: The synthesis introduces checks and balances, preventing an imbalance of power.
14. Parliament’s Broad Amendment Powers: Despite judicial review, Parliament holds extensive powers to amend constitutional provisions.
15. Dynamic Interplay: The relationship between parliamentary sovereignty and judicial supremacy evolves dynamically.
16. Respecting Constitutional Frameworks: The synthesis respects and integrates diverse constitutional principles.
17. Legal Traditions’ Influence: The influence of British and American legal traditions is evident in the synthesis.
18. Power Distribution: The synthesis ensures a distribution of power between Parliament and the judiciary.
19. Evolution of Constitutional Jurisprudence: The dynamic interaction contributes to the evolution of constitutional jurisprudence.
20. Constitutional Harmony: The synthesis maintains constitutional harmony, fostering effective governance and justice.

7. Integrated and Independent Judiciary [7^th of the Salient Feature from 16 Key Features of Indian Constitution UPSC / Salient Features of Indian Constitution UPSC]

The Indian Constitution establishes an integrated and independent judiciary. The Supreme Court heads the integrated system, followed by state high courts and a hierarchy of subordinate courts. Unlike the USA, this single system enforces both central and state laws.

Key Points –

1. Integrated System: Single judiciary enforcing both central and state laws, distinct from the USA.
2. Hierarchical Structure: Supreme Court at the top, followed by state high courts and subordinate courts.
3. Federal Court: The Supreme Court acts as a federal court, ensuring uniformity in law enforcement.
4. Highest Court of Appeal: Serves as the highest court of appeal in the country.
5. Guardian of Constitution: Acts as a guardian of the Constitution, safeguarding citizens’ fundamental rights.
6. Independence Safeguards: Various constitutional provisions ensure the Supreme Court’s independence.
7. Security of Judges’ Tenure: Judges enjoy security of tenure, protecting them from undue influence.
8. Fixed Service Conditions: Specific service conditions are fixed for judges, ensuring stability.
9. Financial Independence: All expenses of the Supreme Court are charged on the Consolidated Fund of India.
10. Powers to Punish Contempt: The Supreme Court holds the authority to punish for contempt, maintaining its dignity and authority.

8. Directive Principles of State Policy [8^th of the Salient Feature from 16 Key Features of Indian Constitution UPSC / Salient Features of Indian Constitution UPSC]

Part IV of the Indian Constitution introduces Directive Principles of State Policy, aimed at establishing a welfare state through socialistic, Gandhian, and liberal-intellectual ideals. Non-justiciable in nature, they carry moral weight, guiding state actions. The Minerva Mills case underscores their role in balancing Fundamental Rights, emphasizing their fundamental governance role.

Key Points –

1. Novel Feature: Introduced as a ‘novel feature’ by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
2. Classification: Categorized into socialistic, Gandhian, and liberal-intellectual principles.
3. Welfare State Objective: Aims to establish a welfare state promoting social and economic democracy.
4. Part IV Inclusion: Enlisted in Part IV of the Constitution, shaping state policies.
5. Non-Justiciable Nature: Unlike Fundamental Rights, they lack direct enforceability through courts.
6. Moral Obligation: Imposes a moral obligation on the state for their application in lawmaking.
7. Fundamental Governance Role: Constitution deems them fundamental in the country’s governance.
8. Political Sanction: Their force relies on political sanction and public opinion.
9. Balance with Fundamental Rights: The constitutional foundation lies in balancing Directive Principles with Fundamental Rights.
10. Holistic Approach: Encompasses socialistic, Gandhian, and liberal-intellectual principles, ensuring a holistic governance perspective.

9. Fundamental Rights [9^th of the Salient Feature from 16 Key Features of Indian Constitution UPSC / Salient Features of Indian Constitution UPSC]

Part III of the Indian Constitution guarantees six fundamental rights to citizens, encompassing equality, freedom, protection against exploitation, freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights, and constitutional remedies.

Key Points –

1. Part III Guarantees: Six fundamental rights for citizens, spanning equality, freedom, protection against exploitation, religious freedom, cultural and educational rights, and constitutional remedies.
2. Limitations on Tyranny: Fundamental rights serve as checks on executive tyranny and arbitrary legislative actions.
3. Justiciable Nature: Courts can enforce these rights through writs like habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, certiorari, and quo warranto.
4. Promotion of Political Democracy: Fundamental rights contribute to the idea of political democracy in India.
5. Enforceability: Courts, especially the Supreme Court, can directly address violations of fundamental rights.
6. Reasonable Restrictions: Fundamental rights are not absolute and are subject to reasonable restrictions.
7. Amendability: Parliament can curtail or repeal these rights through constitutional amendments.
8. Suspension during National Emergency: Rights, except those under Articles 20 and 21, can be suspended during a National Emergency.
9. Aggrieved Person’s Recourse: Individuals can approach the Supreme Court for remedies against violations of their fundamental rights.
10. Balancing Act: The constitution strikes a balance between individual rights and the larger interests of society through these fundamental rights.

10. Fundamental Duties [10^th of the Salient Feature from 16 Key Features of Indian Constitution UPSC / Salient Features of Indian Constitution UPSC]

Added in 1976 through the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act and later amended in 2002, Fundamental Duties are specified in Part IV-A, Article 51-A of the Indian Constitution. The eleven duties include respecting the Constitution, national flag, and anthem, protecting the country’s sovereignty, promoting unity, and preserving cultural heritage.

Serving as a reminder to citizens, these non-justiciable duties highlight the responsibility citizens bear alongside their rights.

Key Points –

1. 1976 Addition: Fundamental Duties were introduced in 1976 through the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act.
2. Amendment in 2002: The 86th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2002 added one more fundamental duty.
3. Part IV-A Inclusion: Specified in Part IV-A, Article 51-A of the Constitution.
4. Eleven Duties: Encompass duties like respecting the Constitution, national flag, and anthem, protecting sovereignty, promoting unity, and preserving cultural heritage.
5. Conscious Citizenship: Serves as a reminder for citizens to be conscious of their duties alongside enjoying their rights.
6. Recommendation of Swaran Singh Committee: The duties were recommended by the Swaran Singh Committee during the internal emergency of 1975–77.
7. Non-Justiciable Nature: Similar to Directive Principles, Fundamental Duties are non-justiciable, lacking enforceability through courts.
8. Citizenship Responsibility: Highlights citizens’ responsibility to their country, society, and fellow-citizens.
9. Integral to Constitutional Framework: Integral part of the constitutional framework, emphasizing civic duties.
10. Balance with Rights: Fundamental Duties create a balance between citizens’ rights and responsibilities.

11. A Secular State [11^th of the Salient Feature from 16 Key Features of Indian Constitution UPSC / Salient Features of Indian Constitution UPSC]

The Constitution of India advocates a secular state, refraining from endorsing any official religion. Key provisions supporting this include the addition of ‘secular’ to the Preamble in 1976, ensuring liberty of belief, faith, and worship for all citizens.

Key Points –

1. Preamble Amendment (1976): The term ‘secular’ was added to the Preamble by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act in 1976.
2. Liberty in Preamble: The Preamble guarantees liberty of belief, faith, and worship to all Indian citizens.
3. Equality before the Law: Article 14 ensures equality before the law and equal protection for all, regardless of religion.
4. Non-Discrimination: Article 15 prohibits the state from discriminating against any citizen based on religion.
5. Equal Opportunity in Employment: Article 16 mandates equality of opportunity in public employment for all citizens.
6. Freedom of Conscience: Article 25 grants every person the right to freedom of conscience and the practice and propagation of any religion.
7. Religious Denomination Autonomy: Article 26 provides religious denominations with the right to manage their religious affairs.
8. Tax Exemption for Religion: Article 27 ensures no compulsion to pay taxes for promoting a particular religion.
9. No Religious Instruction: Article 28 prohibits religious instruction in state-maintained educational institutions.
10. Preservation of Distinct Language, Script, or Culture: Article 29 grants sections of citizens the right to conserve their distinct language, script, or culture.
11. Minority Educational Institutions: Article 30 allows minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.
12. Uniform Civil Code Endeavor: Article 44 mandates the state to strive for a Uniform Civil Code for all citizens.
13. Positive Concept of Secularism: India follows a positive concept of secularism, respecting and protecting all religions equally.
14. Multireligious Society Considerations: Unlike Western secularism, the Indian Constitution adapts to a multireligious society.
15. Protection of All Religions: The positive concept of secularism involves equal respect for all religions.
16. Abolition of Communal Representation: The Constitution eliminates communal representation, moving away from reserved seats based on religion.
17. Reservation for Scheduled Castes and Tribes: Temporary reservation for scheduled castes and tribes ensures adequate representation without communal bias.
18. Constitutional Embrace of Diversity: India’s secular ethos accommodates religious diversity within a unified legal framework.
19. Safeguarding Religious Autonomy: Religious denominations have the right to manage their religious affairs independently.
20. Contemporary Relevance: Secularism in India is tailored to its diverse religious landscape, fostering harmony and coexistence.

12. Universal Adult Franchise [12^th of the Salient Feature from 16 Key Features of Indian Constitution UPSC / Salient Features of Indian Constitution UPSC]

The Indian Constitution embraces universal adult franchise for Lok Sabha and state legislative assembly elections. Introduced by the Constitution-makers, this bold experiment grants every citizen, aged 18 and above, the right to vote without discrimination.

Key Points –

1. Constitutional Basis: Universal adult franchise is the foundation for Lok Sabha and state legislative assembly elections in India.
2. Inclusive Right to Vote: Every citizen, aged 18 or above, has the right to vote, irrespective of caste, race, religion, sex, literacy, or wealth.
3. Amendment in 1989: The 61st Constitutional Amendment Act of 1988 reduced the voting age from 21 to 18 years.
4. Bold Experiment: The Constitution-makers’ decision to introduce universal adult franchise was a bold and remarkable move.
5. Challenges Considered: The experiment took into account India’s vast size, massive population, high poverty, social inequality, and widespread illiteracy.
6. Democratization Effect: Universal adult franchise broadens the base of democracy, fostering inclusivity and representation.
7. Enhancement of Self-Respect: Granting voting rights to all enhances the self-respect and prestige of common people.
8. Principle of Equality: Upholding the principle of equality, universal adult franchise ensures equal participation in the democratic process.
9. Minority Representation: Enables minorities to protect their interests by participating in the electoral process.
10. Empowerment of Weaker Sections: Opens new opportunities and prospects for weaker sections, contributing to their empowerment.

13. Single Citizenship [13^th of the Salient Feature from 16 Key Features of Indian Constitution UPSC / Salient Features of Indian Constitution UPSC]

While the Indian Constitution adopts a federal structure, it offers only single citizenship—Indian citizenship. Unlike the USA, where citizens have dual allegiances to the national and state governments, Indian citizens enjoy uniform rights regardless of their birthplace or residence.

Key Points –

1. Single Citizenship in Federal Structure: Despite a federal structure, India provides only single citizenship—Indian citizenship.
2. Contrast with USA: In the USA, individuals hold citizenship at both national and state levels, with dual sets of rights and allegiances.
3. Equal Rights for All Citizens: Indian citizens, irrespective of birthplace or residence, enjoy the same political and civil rights nationwide.
4. Discrimination Exceptions: Limited exceptions exist, such as in tribal areas and Jammu and Kashmir, where some distinctions apply.
5. Challenges to Unity: Despite the constitutional vision of a united and integrated Indian nation, challenges persist.
6. Communal Riots: Instances of communal riots pose challenges to national unity.
7. Class Conflicts: Social and economic class conflicts contribute to tensions.
8. Caste Wars: Struggles related to caste divisions impact social harmony.
9. Linguistic Clashes: Differences in language contribute to disputes and unrest.
10. Ethnic Disputes: Ongoing ethnic disputes highlight the complex task of achieving complete national integration.
11. Uniform Rights Vision: The constitutional vision emphasizes uniform rights for all citizens, promoting equality.
12. Striving for Integration: Despite challenges, ongoing efforts aim to achieve the Constitution-makers’ goal of a fully integrated Indian nation.
13. Need for Continued Efforts: Communal, caste, linguistic, and ethnic challenges necessitate sustained efforts toward national unity.
14. Constitutional Ideal Realization: Achieving the Constitution’s goal of a united nation requires addressing deep-rooted social and cultural complexities.
15. Collective Responsibility: Realizing the vision of a united India involves a collective responsibility of citizens and authorities alike.
16. Legal Framework Strength: Despite challenges, India’s legal framework remains a robust foundation for fostering national unity.
17. Cultural Diversity Appreciation: Recognizing and appreciating India’s cultural diversity is vital for fostering a sense of collective identity.
18. Social Harmony Initiatives: Ongoing initiatives promoting social harmony contribute to the nation’s unity.
19. Educational and Awareness Measures: Education and awareness play crucial roles in building a shared national identity.
20. Evolving National Identity: The process of achieving a united and integrated Indian nation is dynamic and requires continuous adaptation to evolving societal dynamics.

14. Independent Bodies [14^th of the Salient Feature from 16 Key Features of Indian Constitution UPSC / Salient Features of Indian Constitution UPSC]

Envisioned as pillars of India’s democratic system, the Constitution establishes independent bodies to safeguard democratic principles. Key bodies include the Election Commission ensuring fair elections, Comptroller and Auditor-General overseeing government accounts, and Union and State Public Service Commissions managing recruitment.

Key Points –

1. Pillars of Democracy: Independent bodies, as per the Constitution, serve as bulwarks for India’s democratic system.
2. Election Commission: Ensures the fairness of elections to Parliament, state legislatures, President, and Vice-President offices.
3. Comptroller and Auditor-General (CAG): Audits Central and state government accounts, guarding public purse, and evaluating government expenditure legality and propriety.
4. Union Public Service Commission (UPSC): Conducts exams for all-India and higher Central services, advising the President on disciplinary matters.
5. State Public Service Commission: In each state, it conducts exams for state services and advises the governor on disciplinary matters.
6. Democracy Safeguarding Role: Independent bodies play a crucial role in upholding democratic principles and transparency.
7. Fair Election Assurance: The Election Commission ensures free and fair elections, a fundamental aspect of democracy.
8. Public Expenditure Oversight: CAG scrutinizes government accounts, ensuring transparency, legality, and propriety in public expenditure.
9. UPSC Recruitment Responsibility: UPSC conducts exams for recruiting to prestigious services, contributing to a competent bureaucracy.
10. State Public Service Commission’s State Role: State PSCs manage state-level recruitment, contributing to efficient state administration.
11. Independence Safeguards: The Constitution guarantees independence for these bodies through provisions like security of tenure.
12. Fixed Service Conditions: Ensures stability and impartiality by imposing fixed service conditions.
13. Consolidated Fund Financing: Expenses charged on the Consolidated Fund of India enhance financial independence.
14. Disciplinary Advisory Role: Both UPSC and State PSCs advise on disciplinary matters, ensuring accountability.
15. Contribution to Governance: These bodies contribute significantly to good governance, accountability, and a merit-based administrative system.

15. Emergency Provisions [15^th of the Salient Feature from 16 Key Features of Indian Constitution UPSC / Salient Features of Indian Constitution UPSC]

The Indian Constitution incorporates detailed emergency provisions to empower the President in extraordinary situations. These provisions aim to protect the country’s sovereignty, unity, integrity, security, democratic system, and Constitution.

Key Points –

1. Emergency Provisions Rationality: Enabling the President to address extraordinary situations effectively is the rationale behind detailed emergency provisions.
2. Safeguarding National Interests: Emergency provisions aim to protect the sovereignty, unity, integrity, and security of the country.
3. Preservation of Democratic System: These provisions also safeguard the democratic political system and the Constitution during crises.
4. Three Types of Emergencies: National emergency (Article 352), State emergency (Article 356), and Financial emergency (Article 360) are envisaged.
5. National Emergency Grounds: War, external aggression, or armed rebellion serve as grounds for declaring a national emergency.
6. State Emergency (President’s Rule) Grounds: Failure of Constitutional machinery in states (Article 356) or failure to comply with Centre’s directions (Article 365).
7. Financial Emergency Grounds: Declared in case of a threat to the financial stability or credit of India (Article 360).
8. Central Government Dominance: During emergencies, the Central Government gains extensive powers, bringing states under central control.
9. Unitary Structure Transformation: The federal structure transforms into a unitary one without a formal constitutional amendment.
10. Unique Feature: The Indian Constitution’s transformation from federal to unitary during emergencies is a distinctive and unique feature.

16. Three-tier Government [16^th of the Salient Feature from 16 Key Features of Indian Constitution UPSC / Salient Features of Indian Constitution UPSC]

Originally, the Indian Constitution outlined a dual polity for the Centre and states. However, unique to India, the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts (1992) introduced a third-tier of government—local self-governance.

Key Points –

1. Original Dual Polity: Initially, the Indian Constitution structured a dual polity for the Centre and states.
2. Introduction of Third Tier: The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts (1992) added a third tier—local self-governance.
3. Unique Feature: Unlike other constitutions, India introduced a local self-governance tier.
4. 73rd Amendment (Panchayats): Recognized rural local governments, adding Part IX and Schedule 11 to the Constitution.
5. 74th Amendment (Municipalities): Recognized urban local governments, adding Part IX-A and Schedule 12 to the Constitution.
6. Constitutional Recognition: Both amendments provided constitutional recognition to panchayats and municipalities.
7. Local Self-Governance Distinction: India’s three-tier government system distinguishes itself globally, emphasizing decentralized local governance.

Question-1: What makes the Indian Constitution the lengthiest written constitution?

Answer. The Indian Constitution is the lengthiest due to its comprehensive nature, containing detailed governance principles, administrative provisions, and influences from legal luminaries in the Constituent Assembly.

Question-2: Where do the ideas for the Indian Constitution’s rules come from?

Answer. Ideas for the Indian Constitution’s rules are drawn from various sources, including the constitutions of other countries, the Government of India Act of 1935, and contributions from legal experts.

Question-3: How does the Indian Constitution balance rigidity and flexibility in its rules?

Answer. The Indian Constitution achieves a blend of rigidity and flexibility by allowing special procedures for some amendments and simpler processes for others, providing adaptability while maintaining certain levels of strictness.

Question-4: What is the federal system with a unitary bias in the Indian Constitution?

Answer. The Indian Constitution establishes a federal system where powers are shared between the central and state governments. However, in emergencies, there is a temporary shift toward a unitary system with more central government control.

Question-5: Who forms the government and makes laws in the parliamentary form of government in India?

Answer. In the parliamentary form of government in India, the government is formed by elected representatives who make laws and govern the country.

Question-6: What is the synthesis of parliamentary sovereignty and judicial supremacy in the Indian Constitution?

Answer. The synthesis entails the Parliament’s power to make laws and the judiciary’s authority to ensure those laws adhere to constitutional principles through judicial review.

Question-7: How does the integrated and independent judiciary work in India?

Answer. The integrated and independent judiciary in India operates as a cohesive system, ensuring justice without interference. The Supreme Court, at the top, oversees high courts and subordinate courts, enforcing both central and state laws.

Question-8: What guides the government’s actions in the Directive Principles of State Policy?

Answer. The Directive Principles of State Policy guide the government’s actions by providing principles for creating a just and fair society. While not strict laws, they influence policymaking.

Question-9: What are the Fundamental Rights protected by the Indian Constitution?

Answer. Part III of the Indian Constitution guarantees Fundamental Rights, including the right to equality, freedom, protection against exploitation, freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights, and the right to constitutional remedies.

Question-10: Along with rights, what do people have according to the Indian Constitution?

Answer. Along with rights, people have Fundamental Duties outlined by the Constitution, emphasizing responsibilities toward the country, society, and fellow citizens.

Question-11: How does the Indian Constitution define the state in terms of religion?

Answer. The Indian Constitution defines the state as secular, not favoring any particular religion. It upholds the principles of equality before the law and non-discrimination based on religion.

Question-12: Who has the right to vote in elections according to the Indian Constitution?

Answer. According to the Indian Constitution, every adult citizen has the right to vote in elections, ensuring universal adult franchise.

Question-13: What does single citizenship mean in the Indian Constitution?

Answer. The Indian Constitution provides for single citizenship, meaning every citizen is a citizen of the entire country, not a specific state.

Question-14: Which organizations ensure fairness and justice independently in India?

Answer. Independent bodies like the Election Commission and the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India ensure fairness and justice independently in India.

Question-15: In what situations can emergency provisions be used in the Indian Constitution?

Answer. Emergency provisions in the Indian Constitution can be used during war, external aggression, armed rebellion, failure of constitutional machinery in states, failure to comply with central directives, and financial instability.

Question-16: What does the three-tier government in India include?

Answer. The three-tier government in India includes the central government, state governments, and local governments (panchayats and municipalities) added by the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts.

Question-17: What factors contributed to the extensive size of the Indian Constitution?

Answer. The extensive size of the Indian Constitution results from geographical factors, historical influences like the Government of India Act of 1935, a single constitution for both the Centre and states, and the dominance of legal luminaries in the Constituent Assembly.

Question-18: How does the Indian Constitution define the state in terms of religion?

Answer. The Indian Constitution defines the state as secular, ensuring equality before the law and prohibiting discrimination based on religion.

Question-19: What distinguishes the parliamentary system in India from the British system?

Answer. While the Indian parliamentary system is based on the British model, some differences exist, including India not having a sovereign Parliament like Britain and having an elected head instead of a hereditary one.

Question-20: What is the procedure for amending provisions under Article 368 of the Indian Constitution?

Answer. Provisions under Article 368 can be amended by a special majority of Parliament, and some amendments require ratification by half of the total states.