Sri Lankan Civil War 1989-2009 | Explained!

Introduction to the Sri Lankan Civil War UPSC

Welcome to PreCrack! Recently, on 18^th of May, 2024, the end of Sri Lankan Civil War Anniversary was celebrated in many parts of the Sri Lana & Similarly Southern Part of Tamil-Speaking India. In the history of mankind, the Civil War in Sri Lanka, which was a 26-year long civil war, leave many permanent wounds in the heart of all mankind. That was not a good part of Human History which have taken thousands of innocent lives.

But, History teach us many valuable lessons by following them, we can avoid repeating the same history. In India, If you are preparing for major competitive examinations such as UPSC, NDA, SSC or more, then a basic details about Sri Lankan Civil War should be on your tips. This is why, in this blog, we have added all the details about the Sri Lankan Civil War 1989 to 2009. If you are also excited to know about this horrific but interesting part of human history, then read our blog to the end. This will also help you to enhance your UPSC Civil Service Exam Preparation.

So, let’s start-

Why is Sri Lankan Civil War in the news? – UPSC Current Affairs 2024

The Sri Lankan Civil War is in the news as Tamils of Sri Lanka mark the 15th anniversary of its end with remembrance events in Mullivaikkal. Thousands of civilians gathered to honor their relatives killed in the final battle in May 2009.

The period is observed as ‘Mullivaikkal remembrance week’ or ‘Tamil Genocide Remembrance Day.’ Families participated in memorials by placing photos, offering prayers, and serving kanji. This year’s remembrance highlights ongoing demands for accountability for human rights violations and the whereabouts of missing persons.

International attention, including a UN report and Amnesty International’s presence, underscores the enduring quest for justice and recognition of the Tamil community’s suffering.

Source – The Hindu

Full Details about the Sri Lankan Civil War

We have mentioned thats why was the Sri Lankan Civil War in the news, not knowing about the Civil War in Sri Lanka is crucial historical event that you must need to know. Below, we have added all the details about sri lankan civil war with all the aspects that needs to be covered.

Complete Story of Civil War in Sri Lanka (in Brief)

We can understand the Sri Lankan Civil war with this brief detail. If you are excited to know all the detail about Civil War in Sri Lanka, then read this blog fully:

Origins of the Sri Lankan Civil War

The Sri Lankan Civil War, which lasted from 1983 to 2009 (around 26 years), was rooted in ethnic tensions between the majority Sinhalese and the minority Tamils. The Tamils felt marginalized and discriminated against by successive Sinhalese-majority governments. This led Sri Lankan Tamils to demands for greater autonomy and equal rights.

Rise of the LTTE

In response to these government’s harsh reponses, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) was formed in 1976. LTTE was there to advocating for an independent Tamil state in the north and east of Sri Lanka.

The LTTE, led by Velupillai Prabhakaran, quickly became known for its ruthless tactics. There were many actions that can be known as ruthless tectics of Prabhakaran such as suicide bombings and assassinations.

Escalation and Early War Years

The well known ‘Sri Lankan Civil War’ was officially began in 1983. This war started with the anti-Tamil riots known as Black July. This war considered to be mainly triggered by the killing of 13 Sinhalese soldiers by the LTTE.

The riots led to widespread violence and the deaths of hundreds of Tamils. Not only that, but it further inflammed the ethnic tensions between Sri lankan Tamils & Sinhalese. Over the next several years, the war saw intense battles, terrorist attacks, and heavy casualties on both sides.

Interventions and Peace Efforts

To nutralize or we can choose the word ‘stop’ the Civil war in Sri Lanka, there was various attempts which were made to broker peace. These attempts were also mae by Indian intervention in the late 1980s and the deployment of the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF).

However, these efforts failed, and the conflict resumed with greater intensity. In the early 2000s, a Norwegian-mediated ceasefire brought temporary relief, but ultimately collapsed by 2006.

Final Phase and Humanitarian Crisis

The war entered its final phase between 2006 and 2009 under the presidency of Mahinda Rajapaksa. The Sri Lankan military launched a decisive offensive against the LTTE & recaptured many large territories.

The final months saw a brutal confrontation in the northeastern region, particularly in Mullivaikkal, where tens of thousands of civilians were trapped in a government-declared “No Fire Zone” and killed in the crossfire.

Aftermath and Continuing Struggles

The war ended in May 2009 with the death of Prabhakaran and the defeat of the LTTE. The aftermath of the conflict left deep scars, with allegations of war crimes and human rights abuses by both the government and the LTTE.

Thousands of Tamils remain missing, and survivors continue to demand justice and accountability. The Sri Lankan government faces ongoing pressure from international bodies to address these issues and to foster reconciliation and lasting peace.

Origin of Sri Lankan Civil War – Reason behind the Civil War in Sri Lanka

We can understand the complete origin of Sri Lankan Civil War through these 50 points:

Ethnic Composition: The origin Sri Lankan Civil War rooted in the deep history of Sri Lanka (Previously Called Cylone). Sri Lanka’s population is mainly composed of the Sinhalese extreme majority and the Tamil extreme minority. That was one of the leading reason to inherent ethnic tensions.
Colonial Era: The roots of the modern Sri Lankan Civil War trace back to the colonial era when Sri Lanka, then known as Ceylon, was under British rule from 1815 to 1948.
British Rule: During British rule, colonial policies and economic exploitation laid the groundwork for ethnic divisions. One of the British colonial administrator William Manning was also supported and promoted the “communal representation” which led alternate but divisive representation between Tamils and the Sinhalese.
Economic Interests: The British sought monetary gain from Sri Lanka’s tea, coffee, coconuts, and rubber, transforming the island’s economy. And rooting the division between sinhalese and tamils was profitable to british rule.
Labor Shortage: To address labor shortages on plantations, the British brought in Tamil laborers from India. That step has been increased the population of Tamils in Cylone, & heighted the ethnic tensions between both of the communities.
Sinhalese Fears: The influx of Indian Tamils fueled fears among the Sinhalese majority of being demographically and culturally overshadowed.
Education: After all of that, the American Ceylon Mission established English-language schools in Jaffna. That also has provided the Tamils with significant educational advantages.
Tamil Advantage: As a result, Tamils outcompeted Sinhalese in civil service positions due to their proficiency in English.
Political Unity: In 1919, Sinhalese and Tamil political organizations united to form the Ceylon National Congress. That was dedicated to advocate more constitutional reforms.
Communal Representation: British colonial administrator William Manning encouraged “communal representation” to divide and manage ethnic groups politically.
Colombo Town Seat: Established in 1920, this seat alternated between Tamil and Sinhalese representatives, embedding communal representation in politics.
LSSP’s Demands: In 1936, Lanka Sama Samaja Party (LSSP) members demanded the replacement of English with Sinhala and Tamil in legal and police proceedings.
Sinhala Only: In 1944, J.R. Jayawardena moved to make Sinhala the official language, sidelining both English and Tamil. That was one of the major discriminatory move by Sinhalese leader to root fear to the Sri Lankan Tamils to be sidelined.
Citizenship Act: That was another worst step by Sinhalese Leadership. The 1948 Ceylon Citizenship Act was passed & through this law, it almost become impossible for Sri Lankan Tamils to Get the Citizenship It also has disenfranchised Indian Tamils & made it nearly impossible for them to obtain citizenship.
Statelessness: This Act rendered approximately 700,000 Indian Tamils stateless & this move of passing the discriminatory laws exacerbated the ethnic tensions.
Deportations: Over the next 30 years, more than 300,000 Indian Tamils were deported to India, further alienating the Tamil community.
Citizenship Granted: It wasn’t until 2003 that all Indian Tamils living in Sri Lanka were granted citizenship, long after their initial disenfranchisement.
Civil Service Representation: At independence (1948), Tamils held around 30% of higher civil service positions, despite being about 20% of the population.
Sinhala Only Act: Prime Minister S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike’s 1956 “Sinhala Only Act” replaced English with Sinhala as the sole official language.
Language Discrimination: Now, if anyone can understand a bit of intentions of lawmakers, they can easily understand that the motive of making ‘Sinhala Only Act’ was not to promote the Sinhala languge but Marginalize the Tamils because they were outcompeted the Sinhalese in Civil Services & other public services through their language skills.
Attempt to Marginalize the Sri lankan Tamils: The Act was perceived as a deliberate attempt to marginalize Tamil participation in civil services and public life. And, as per their (Sinhalese) intentions, they forced Sri Lankan Tamils force to resign because they were not fluent in Sinhala.
Anti-Tamil Pogroms: Now, by following many incidents, there were direct confrontations between both of these communities of Sri Lankan Tamils and Sinhalese. The 1956 and 1958 anti-Tamil pogroms saw Sinhalese mobs violently attacking Tamils, leading to significant loss of life and property.
Tamil Attacks: In response, Tamil mobs attacked Sinhalese in Tamil-majority areas, exacerbating ethnic violence. In their civil confrontations, there was casualties in numbers of nearly thousands (of both communities but mainly the tamils).
Early Militancy: By the late 1960s, Tamil youth which also included the Velupillai Prabhakaran, who started targeting the Civil Servant Administrators, Sinhalese Leaders, Pro-Government Tamil Politicians by different tactics including hit & run operations.
Sinhalese Leadership & Pro-Government Politicians Targeted: Velupillai Prabhakaran, which was not leader of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) at 1960’s, targeted pro-government Tamils because he perceived them as collaborators with the Sinhalese-dominated Sri Lankan government, which the LTTE viewed as oppressors of the Tamil people.
Standardization but discriminatory Policy: in Starting of the 1970s, Sinhalese leadership has made another discriminatory policy that has reduced the Tamil university admissions. Because, according to the new policy, now Tamil students will have requiring the higher marks for admission, than the Sinhalese students.
Admission Criteria changed and Tightened for Tamil Students: For example, Tamil students needed 250 out of 400 marks to enter medical school, while Sinhalese students required only 229.
Policy Abandoned: The discriminatory standardization policy was finally abandoned in 1977.
Another Discriminatory Step by Sinhalese Against Sri Lankan Tamils: In Another step, there was the introduction to the state-sponsored colonization of traditional Tamil Areas. With these step, Sinhalese has replaced the Tamilian Small farmers with the Sinhalese farmers & banned the import of Tamil Language Media.
Media Ban: The government banned the import of Tamil-language media & restricted the Tamil cultural expression.
Religious Preference: The 1978 Constitution gave Buddhism, which was practiced by the Sinhalese majority, a preferential status. That step also considered to marginalize the Tamil Hindus and Muslims.
TNT Formation: Now by seeing all of these state sponsored discrimination, it was the time In 1972, when Velupillai Prabhakaran formed the Tamil New Tigers (TNT). It was the step which marking the beginning of organized Tamil militancy in Sri Lanka Against Sinhalese.
TULF Formation: 4 years later, the Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF) was formed with the Vaddukkodei resolution. The resolution can be interpreted as the calling for the creation of a secular, socialist state of Tamil Eelam. It was completely based on the right of self-determination of Sri lankan Tamils.
Eelam Demand: TULF’s resolution demanded the creation of a Tamil Eelam state based on self-determination principles.
Militant Support: TULF clandestinely supported militant groups, viewing them as defenders of Tamil rights.
Funding and Support: TULF leader Appapillai Amirthalingam (Which later was assassinated by Tamil Tigers) provided letters of reference to the LTTE for fundraising efforts.
International Links: N.S. Krishnan introduced Velupillai Prabhakaran to Anton Balasingham, who became the LTTE’s chief political strategist and negotiator.
Youth Militancy: Many Tamil youths, affected by unemployment and partial education, turned to militancy influenced by revolutionary ideologies.
Leftist Parties: Tamil leftist parties remained non-communal and did not align with the conservative Federal Party or TULF for broader national struggles.
UNP Victory: The United National Party’s (UNP) 1977 electoral victory made TULF the leading opposition party, advocating for Tamil secession.
1977 Riots: It was the Post-election riots. These riots were occurred when led to anti-Tamil violence, worsening ethnic relations. The 1977 riots in Sri Lanka erupted after the United National Party’s election victory and the Tamil United Liberation Front’s call for Tamil Eelam (being the major opposition party).
So Many Death & Sense of Revenge: Ethnic tensions led to anti-Tamil violence, including arson, looting, and killings, displacing thousands and radicalizing Tamil youth, setting the stage for the Sri Lankan Civil War. Government sources indicates the 125 deaths but other sources mentioned 300+ deaths.
Policy Lifted: The Jayewardene government lifted the standardization policy post-1977 riots, but Tamil grievances persisted.
Militant Continuation: Despite policy changes, Tamil militant attacks continued, signaling deep-seated frustrations.
TULF Influence Wanes: TULF gradually lost control over militant groups like the LTTE.
Election Boycott: The LTTE ordered a boycott of the 1983 local government elections, demonstrating their growing influence.
Low Turnout: The election saw a voter turnout as low as 10%, indicating widespread support for the LTTE’s call.
Political Representation: Tamil political parties struggled to represent Tamil interests effectively amid escalating militancy.
Ethnic Tensions: Government policies and militant reprisals increased ethnic tensions, setting the stage for civil conflict.
Escalation to War: The cumulative effect of political, economic, and cultural discrimination led to the escalation of ethnic confrontations into a full-scale civil war.

Key Factors Leading the Civil War in Sri Lanka

We have explained all the major factors that has fueled the Sri Lankan Civil War:

1. Colonial history & British rooted hatred

Description: British colonial rule favored Tamils in education and civil service roles due to their English language proficiency, leading to disproportionate Tamil representation in government positions. This created resentment and a sense of marginalization among the Sinhalese majority.

2. Ethnic Tensions

Description: Long-standing ethnic divisions existed between the Sinhalese, who form the majority, and the Tamil minority. Historical animosities and differences in language, religion, and culture exacerbated these tensions.

3. Sinhala Only Act (1956)

Description: This legislation made Sinhala the sole official language of Sri Lanka, marginalizing Tamil speakers in government and public services. It was perceived as an attempt to suppress Tamil culture and rights.

4. Citizenship Act (1948)

Description: The act rendered many Indian Tamils stateless by making it nearly impossible for them to obtain Sri Lankan citizenship, deepening ethnic grievances and contributing to economic and social marginalization.

5. Standardization Policy (1970s)

Description: This policy aimed to increase Sinhalese representation in universities by requiring higher marks from Tamil students, effectively limiting Tamil access to higher education and job opportunities.

6. Economic Disparities

Description: Economic policies and development programs often favored Sinhalese-majority areas, leading to economic disenfranchisement and underdevelopment in Tamil regions, exacerbating feelings of marginalization.

7. Anti-Tamil Riots (1956, 1958, 1977, 1981, 1983)

Description: Periodic outbursts of violence against Tamils by Sinhalese mobs led to deaths, displacement, and destruction of property, deepening mistrust and fear between the communities.

1956 Riots: The passage of the Sinhala Only Act sparked the first major anti-Tamil riot. Sinhalese mobs attacked Tamil residents and businesses, resulting in dozens of deaths and significant property damage. This riot was a reaction to Tamil opposition to the language policy, which they viewed as discriminatory.
1958 Riots: Triggered by rising ethnic tensions and political rhetoric, the 1958 anti-Tamil riots were more widespread. Sinhalese mobs targeted Tamil homes and businesses across the country, leading to around 200 deaths and widespread displacement. The violence was fueled by economic competition and ethnic nationalism.
1977 Riots: Following the UNP’s electoral victory and TULF’s call for Tamil Eelam, Sinhalese mobs attacked Tamils, resulting in over 300 deaths. This riot reflected deepening ethnic divisions and frustration over Tamil separatist demands.
1981 Riots: Sparked by the burning of the Jaffna Public Library, one of the most significant cultural and intellectual repositories for Tamils, this riot saw Sinhalese mobs attacking Tamils, leading to significant property destruction and several deaths. The attack on the library symbolized a direct assault on Tamil heritage and identity.
1983 Black July: The most devastating of the anti-Tamil riots, Black July followed an LTTE attack that killed 13 Sri Lankan soldiers. In retaliation, Sinhalese mobs killed between 400 to 3,000 Tamils, destroyed homes and businesses, and displaced thousands. This pogrom marked the beginning of the civil war, driven by deep-seated ethnic hatred and a breakdown of law and order.

8. Formation of Tamil Militancy

Description: Discrimination and violence led to the rise of Tamil militant groups like the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), which advocated for an independent Tamil state through armed struggle.

9. Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF)

Description: The TULF’s political platform called for the creation of an independent Tamil state, Tamil Eelam, reflecting the growing separatist sentiment among Tamils. This intensified ethnic and political conflicts.

10. Government Repression

Description: The Sri Lankan government’s heavy-handed responses to Tamil protests and militancy, including arrests, torture, and extrajudicial killings, fueled further resentment and resistance among Tamils.

11. State-Sponsored Colonization

Description: The government sponsored the settlement of Sinhalese people in traditionally Tamil areas, altering the demographic balance and heightening ethnic tensions over land and resources.

12. 1983 Black July Riots

Description: Following an LTTE attack, anti-Tamil pogroms erupted, killing hundreds and displacing thousands of Tamils. This marked a significant escalation, leading to the full-scale civil war.

13. Cultural and Religious Differences

Description: Deep-rooted cultural and religious differences between predominantly Hindu Tamils and Buddhist Sinhalese contributed to mutual distrust and social segregation.

14. Failure of Political Negotiations

Description: Repeated failures of political efforts to address Tamil grievances and demands for autonomy led to frustration and the belief among many Tamils that armed struggle was the only viable solution.

15. Human Rights Violations

Description: Both the Sri Lankan government and Tamil militant groups committed human rights abuses, including killings, disappearances, and torture, further fueling animosities and hardening attitudes on both sides.

Evolution of Sri Lankan Civil War – Complete Timeline of Civil War in Sri Lanka

We can understand the complete evolution of Sri Lankan Civil War, or we can say the Timeline of Civil War in Sri Lanka through these points:

Pre-War Period

1948: Ceylon Citizenship Act

The Ceylon Citizenship Act of 1948 stripped many Indian Tamils of their citizenship, rendering them stateless. This legislation discriminated against the Indian Tamil population, who had been brought by the British to work on tea plantations. The Act denied these Tamils basic rights and fostered resentment and a sense of exclusion among the Tamil community, sowing seeds of ethnic tension that would later escalate into conflict.

1956: Sinhala Only Act

The Sinhala Only Act of 1956 declared Sinhala as the sole official language of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). This policy marginalized the Tamil-speaking population by excluding them from government jobs and services unless they learned Sinhala. The Act was seen as a deliberate move to sideline Tamils politically and economically, leading to widespread Tamil protests and further straining ethnic relations, contributing to the buildup towards civil war.

1956-1958: Anti-Tamil Riots

The anti-Tamil riots of 1956 and 1958 were violent outbreaks in response to the Tamil opposition to the Sinhala Only Act. Sinhalese mobs attacked Tamil residents and businesses, resulting in significant loss of life and property. The 1958 riots were particularly severe, with around 200 Tamils killed. These riots deepened the ethnic divide and solidified Tamil demands for autonomy and equal rights, escalating the conflict.

1970s: Standardization Policy

The Standardization Policy of the 1970s aimed to increase university admissions from rural areas but effectively limited Tamil access to higher education by requiring higher marks for Tamil students compared to Sinhalese students. This policy significantly reduced the number of Tamil students entering universities, fostering deep resentment. It was perceived as another form of systemic discrimination against Tamils, fueling the grievances that led to militancy and conflict.

1972: Formation of Tamil New Tigers (TNT)

In 1972, Velupillai Prabhakaran formed the Tamil New Tigers (TNT), marking the rise of Tamil militancy. The TNT, which later became the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), emerged in response to systemic discrimination and violent repression of Tamils. The formation of TNT signaled the beginning of organized armed resistance against the Sri Lankan government, setting the stage for prolonged civil conflict.

1976: Vaddukoddai Resolution

The Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF) adopted the Vaddukoddai Resolution in 1976, calling for an independent Tamil Eelam in the north and east of Sri Lanka. This resolution marked a significant shift towards separatism among Tamil political leaders, responding to decades of perceived injustice and discrimination. The call for an independent state intensified ethnic polarization and militancy, contributing directly to the outbreak of civil war.

1977: Anti-Tamil Riots

Following the United National Party’s (UNP) electoral victory in 1977 and TULF’s call for secession, Sinhalese mobs attacked Tamil communities. Over 300 Tamils were killed in these riots, which were fueled by ethnic tensions and political provocations. The violence further alienated the Tamil population, driving many to support militant groups like the LTTE, thus intensifying the push towards armed conflict.

1981: Burning of Jaffna Library

In 1981, Sinhalese police and paramilitaries burned the Jaffna Public Library, a crucial cultural and intellectual repository for Tamils, destroying over 97,000 books and manuscripts. This act of cultural vandalism profoundly hurt the Tamil community, exacerbating ethnic tensions. The destruction symbolized a direct assault on Tamil heritage, further radicalizing Tamil youths and increasing support for militant resistance against the state.

1983 (July): Black July

Black July in 1983 marked a turning point in Sri Lankan history. Following an LTTE ambush that killed 13 soldiers, anti-Tamil pogroms erupted, resulting in up to 3,000 Tamil deaths and widespread displacement. The violence was orchestrated by Sinhalese mobs, with tacit government support. Black July entrenched ethnic divisions and led to a mass exodus of Tamils, many of whom joined or supported militant groups like the LTTE, marking the beginning of full-scale civil war.

Civil War Period

1983-1987: Starting of Civil War

This period saw the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) gaining control over regions in Northern and Eastern Sri Lanka. The LTTE engaged in frequent clashes with government forces, leading to heightened ethnic tensions and significant civilian suffering. These events laid the groundwork for a prolonged and intense conflict.

1987: The Indo-Sri Lankan Accord

The Indo-Sri Lankan Accord aimed to resolve the conflict by involving India in peace negotiations. However, the deployment of the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) to enforce the accord led to clashes with the LTTE, escalating violence and worsening the situation on the ground.

1989: withdrawal of the IPKF

Following the withdrawal of the IPKF, a power vacuum emerged in the Northern and Eastern provinces of Sri Lanka. This vacuum allowed the LTTE to strengthen its position, leading to increased violence and instability in the region.

1990: LTTE Resumed Hostilities

With the departure of the IPKF, the LTTE resumed hostilities, marking the beginning of the Second Eelam War. This period was characterized by intensified fighting, including brutal tactics by both sides, resulting in significant civilian casualties and a worsening humanitarian crisis.

1993: Assassination of President Premadasa

The assassination of President Premadasa by the LTTE further escalated tensions in Sri Lanka. This act of violence led to retaliatory attacks and deepened mistrust between communities, exacerbating the already volatile situation.

1995: Failed Peace Talks

Despite efforts at peace talks, conflict resumed between government forces and the LTTE. This renewed violence led to increased civilian suffering, including displacement and loss of life, prolonging the war and worsening the humanitarian situation in the country.

2001: Escalation of Conflict

In a significant escalation of conflict, the LTTE launched a major attack on Colombo Airport, targeting Sri Lanka’s economic infrastructure. This attack severely disrupted the economy, worsened living conditions for civilians, and heightened tensions between the government and the LTTE.

2002: Ceasefire Agreement Brokered by Norway

Despite a ceasefire agreement brokered by Norway, underlying grievances remained unaddressed. This failure to resolve key issues led to renewed conflict between government forces and the LTTE, exacerbating the humanitarian crisis and hindering efforts for lasting peace.

2004: Impact of the Tsunami

The devastating impact of the tsunami exacerbated existing divisions and weakened peace initiatives in Sri Lanka. The natural disaster further strained resources and infrastructure, prolonging the conflict and deepening the humanitarian crisis.

2005: Assassination of Foreign Minister Kadirgamar

The assassination of Foreign Minister Kadirgamar dealt a significant blow to peace efforts in Sri Lanka. This act of violence reignited hostilities between conflicting parties and eroded trust, worsening the overall situation in the country.

2006-2009: Final Phase of Civil War in Sri Lanka

During the final phase of the Sri Lankan Civil War from 2006 to 2009, the government launched a major military offensive aimed at recapturing territories held by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). This offensive marked a decisive push to end the conflict that had plagued the country for decades.

The government’s military campaign involved intense fighting and airstrikes targeting LTTE strongholds in the Northern Province. Despite international concerns about civilian casualties and humanitarian crises, the government pressed forward with its offensive, gradually reclaiming territory from the LTTE.

The military operations during this period resulted in widespread displacement, loss of life, and infrastructural damage. Finally, in May 2009, the government declared victory over the LTTE after successfully recapturing their remaining strongholds, effectively bringing an end to one of Asia’s longest-running civil conflicts.

End of the War

2009 (May): End of Civil War

As the Sri Lankan Civil War reached its climax in 2009, government forces launched a final offensive against LTTE-held territory in the Northern Province. The military encircled the LTTE stronghold in Mullaitivu, trapping its leader, Velupillai Prabhakaran, and remaining fighters. Facing overwhelming force, Prabhakaran’s options dwindled.

On May 17, 2009, government troops closed in on his position. In the ensuing battle, Prabhakaran and several top LTTE leaders were surrounded and killed by Sri Lankan forces. With Prabhakaran’s death, the government declared victory, effectively ending the 26-year-long conflict.

To Understand this entire timeline in simple manner, you can consider this simplified table to understand it fast:

Time	What Happened	Description
1948	Ceylon Citizenship Act	Strips many Indian Tamils of citizenship, sowing seeds of ethnic tension.
1956	Sinhala Only Act	Declares Sinhala the sole official language, marginalizing Tamils.
1956-1958	Anti-Tamil Riots	Violence erupts, leading to numerous deaths and deepening ethnic divide.
1970s	Standardization Policy	Limits Tamil access to higher education, fostering resentment.
1972	Formation of Tamil New Tigers (TNT)	Led by Velupillai Prabhakaran, marking the rise of Tamil militancy.
1976	Vaddukoddai Resolution	Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF) calls for an independent Tamil Eelam.
1977	Anti-Tamil Riots	Following the UNP’s electoral victory and TULF’s call for secession, violence results in over 300 deaths.
1981	Burning of Jaffna Library	A cultural and intellectual loss for the Tamil community, exacerbating tensions.
1983 (July)	Black July	Retaliation for LTTE’s attack killing 13 soldiers; anti-Tamil pogroms result in up to 3,000 deaths and mass displacement, marking the beginning of full-scale civil war.
1983-1987	Early Phase	LTTE establishes control in the Northern and Eastern provinces. Frequent clashes between government forces and Tamil militants.
1987	Indo-Sri Lankan Accord	India intervenes, leading to the deployment of the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF), which eventually clashes with the LTTE.
1989	IPKF Withdrawal	India withdraws its forces following heavy casualties and a failed mission to disarm the LTTE.
1990	Second Eelam War	Resumes after the IPKF departure, marked by brutal fighting and significant civilian casualties.
1993	Assassination of President Premadasa	LTTE assassination of Sri Lankan President Premadasa.
1995	Third Eelam War	Renewed conflict following failed peace talks. Government captures Jaffna, but LTTE continues guerrilla warfare.
2001	LTTE Attacks Colombo Airport	A major LTTE attack cripples Sri Lanka’s economic infrastructure.
2002	Ceasefire Agreement	Norway-brokered ceasefire, leading to a temporary halt in fighting and peace talks.
2004	Tsunami	Devastates coastal areas, briefly halting hostilities. LTTE splits, weakening their position.
2005	Assassination of Foreign Minister Kadirgamar	Marks the breakdown of the ceasefire and resumption of hostilities.
2006-2009	Final Phase	Government launches a major offensive, recapturing LTTE-held territories.
2009 (May)	End of Civil War	LTTE is defeated. Leader Velupillai Prabhakaran is killed. Government declares victory, ending 26 years of conflict.
2010-Present	Reconstruction and Reconciliation	Government focuses on rebuilding war-torn areas. Issues of human rights abuses and ethnic reconciliation remain contentious.
2015	Change in Government	Maithripala Sirisena becomes president, promising a new approach to reconciliation and accountability.
2019	Easter Bombings	Islamist extremist attacks, highlighting ongoing security challenges.
2021-2022	Economic Crisis	Severe economic instability leads to widespread protests and political upheaval.

Complete Timeline of the Sri Lankan Civil War

Details about Libration of Tamil Tigers Eelam (LiTTE / LTTE)

The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), commonly known as the Tamil Tigers, was a militant organization in Sri Lanka. This organization or militant group was founded in 1976, the LTTE sought to establish an independent Tamil state in the country’s North and East. This militant group was known for their guerrilla tactics, the LTTE played a central role in the Sri Lankan Civil War. We have added all the details about LTTE below:

How LTTE Start?

The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) emerged in 1976 amidst rising ethnic tensions in Sri Lanka. Fueled by perceived discrimination against the Tamil minority, particularly in language and employment policies, the LTTE aimed to establish an independent Tamil state in the country’s North and East.

Led by Velupillai Prabhakaran, the LTTE initially employed guerilla tactics and targeted government officials and security forces. Over time, they grew into a formidable force, leading to the outbreak of the Sri Lankan Civil War in 1983 as they intensified their campaign for Tamil independence.

Background of LTTE

We can understand the background of LTTE through these points. After reading these points, you’ll get to know what were the reasons behind the making of LTTE:

Ethnic Imbalances: Historical disparities between Sinhalese and Tamil populations contributed to LTTE’s formation, fueled by post-independence policies favoring Sinhalese and discriminating against Tamils in government employment.
Sinhala Only Act: Policies like the “Sinhala Only Act” and anti-Tamil riots exacerbated ethnic tensions, leading to separatist sentiments among Tamil leaders and communities.
Standardization Policy: The introduction of the standardization policy in the 1970s aimed to limit Tamil students’ university admissions, igniting Tamil youth activism against discriminatory practices.
Tamil Youth Activism: Tamil youth groups like the Tamil Manavar Peravai emerged to advocate for fair enrollment practices, inspired by past insurrections and growing dissatisfaction with the government.
Formation of Militant Groups: Amid escalating tensions, militant groups like the Tamil New Tigers (TNT) and Tamil Eelam Liberation Organisation (TELO) were formed, led by figures including Velupillai Prabhakaran.
Violent Insurgency: These groups engaged in hit-and-run attacks against government officials, police, and pro-government Tamil politicians, escalating conflict and violence.
Assassinations and Retaliations: Assassinations of pro-government figures like Alfred Duraiyappah by Prabhakaran further fueled conflict, leading to retaliatory actions and deepening animosity between communities.

Formation of LTTE

The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) was formed in 1976 by Velupillai Prabhakaran, emerging amidst rising ethnic tensions in Sri Lanka. Prabhakaran, a young Tamil from Valvettithurai, joined forces with like-minded individuals to establish a militant organization advocating for Tamil rights and autonomy.

The LTTE quickly gained prominence as a formidable force in the Tamil nationalist movement, employing guerrilla tactics and strategic operations to further its objectives. Under Prabhakaran’s leadership, the LTTE grew into a powerful entity, playing a central role in the Sri Lankan Civil War and shaping the course of the conflict for decades to come.

Structure of LTTE

This was the structure of LTTE:

Supreme Leader:

Velupillai Prabhakaran

Key Decision-Makers:

Pottu Amman (Intelligence Chief)
Soosai (Sea Tigers Leader)
Shankar (Black Tigers Commander)
Balasingham (Political Strategist)
Mahattaya (Deputy Leader)

Specialized Wings:

Intelligence Unit
Sea Tigers (Naval Wing)
Black Tigers (Suicide Squad)

Administrative Network:

Regional Commanders
Fighters
Supporters

International Presence:

LTTE representatives abroad, managing diplomatic and fundraising efforts.

Ideology of LTTE

The LTTE’s ideology centered on Tamil nationalism, seeking an independent Tamil state in Sri Lanka. Led by Velupillai Prabhakaran, it aimed for a democratic, secular society with socialist principles. Rejecting separatism, it advocated for Tamil self-determination within their homeland.

Despite its Hindu majority, it promoted secularism and criticized oppressive Hindu societal norms. Prabhakaran envisioned a society with caste equality and women’s liberation. While considering an open-market economy, the LTTE prioritized addressing ethnic issues before economic reforms.

Major Suicide Attacks by LTTE

There are many suicide bombing has been done by LTTE. But these 7 Suicide bombing by LTTE was more recognized and memorable:

1. Captain Miller’s Attack (1987)

Captain Miller drove a bomb-filled vehicle into a Sri Lankan Army base in Jaffna, resulting in numerous military casualties. The suicide bomber’s identity beyond the pseudonym “Captain Miller” remains undisclosed, typical of LTTE’s secretive operations. The attack demonstrated the LTTE’s early adoption of suicide bombing tactics against military targets, initiating a new phase of asymmetric warfare.

2. 1998 Sri Dalada Maligawa Bombing

The bombing at Sri Dalada Maligawa in Kandy was executed by an unnamed LTTE operative. The attack involved the detonation of explosives within the sacred Buddhist shrine, causing the death of eight worshippers. This act of sacrilege underscored the LTTE’s disregard for religious sanctity and its willingness to target civilian locations to instill fear and undermine societal stability.

3. Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi (1991)

Dhanu, an LTTE suicide bomber, assassinated former Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi during an election rally in Sriperumbudur, India. Concealing explosives in a garland, Dhanu approached Gandhi and detonated the bomb, killing him and several others. The attack underscored the LTTE’s ability to carry out high-profile assassinations beyond Sri Lanka’s borders.

4. Assassination of Ranasinghe Premadasa (1993)

An unnamed LTTE suicide bomber targeted Sri Lankan President Ranasinghe Premadasa during a May Day rally in Colombo. The bomber infiltrated the rally and detonated explosives, killing Premadasa and numerous bystanders. The attack highlighted the LTTE’s willingness to strike at the highest levels of government to achieve its political objectives.

5. Failed Assassination Attempt on Chandrika Kumaratunga (1999)

An LTTE suicide bomber, identified as Thenmozhi Rajaratnam, attempted to assassinate Sri Lankan President Chandrika Kumaratunga during an election rally in Colombo. Rajaratnam detonated explosives concealed in her waistband, injuring Kumaratunga and causing the loss of her right eye. The failed attempt showcased the LTTE’s persistent efforts to eliminate political adversaries through suicide bombings.

6. Attack on Sambuddhaloka Temple, Colombo

LTTE militants carried out a suicide bombing at Sambuddhaloka Temple in Colombo, claiming the lives of nine worshippers. This assault on a Buddhist place of worship underscored the LTTE’s intention to sow fear and division among the Sinhalese population, exacerbating communal tensions.

7. Attempted Assassination of Minister Douglas Devananda (2007)

Sujatha Vagawanam, an LTTE suicide bomber, concealed explosives inside her bra in an attempt to assassinate Sri Lankan minister Douglas Devananda. The failed attempt, captured on security cameras, highlighted the LTTE’s continued use of suicide bombings as a tactic to target government officials and instill fear among the populace.

Key Assassinations by LTTE

These are the major assassination by LTTE:

Alfred Duraiappah: Mayor of Jaffna and a prominent Tamil political figure, assassinated by Velupillai Prabhakaran in 1975.
Rajiv Gandhi: Former Prime Minister of India, assassinated by an LTTE suicide bomber in 1991 during an election rally in Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu.
Ranasinghe Premadasa: President of Sri Lanka, killed by an LTTE suicide bomber during a May Day rally in Colombo in 1993.
Lalith Athulathmudali: Sri Lankan politician and former Cabinet Minister, assassinated in 1993.
Gamini Dissanayake: Sri Lankan politician and presidential candidate, killed by an LTTE suicide bomber during a political rally in 1994.
Neelan Tiruchelvam: Tamil politician and human rights activist, assassinated in 1999.
Chandrika Kumaratunga: Sri Lankan President, targeted in a failed assassination attempt in 1999, resulting in the loss of her right eye.
Lakshman Kadirgamar: Sri Lankan Foreign Minister, assassinated in 2005.
Joseph Pararajasingham: Sri Lankan Tamil politician, killed during Christmas Mass in 2005.
Ketheesh Loganathan: Deputy Secretary-General of the Government Peace Secretariat, assassinated in 2006.
T. Maheswaran: Sri Lankan Tamil politician and Member of Parliament, assassinated in 2008.
Lasantha Wickrematunge: Sri Lankan journalist and newspaper editor, assassinated in 2009.
Shanmugam Manjunathan: Sri Lankan Tamil parliamentarian, killed in 2008.
Douglas Devananda: Sri Lankan politician and government minister, targeted in multiple assassination attempts.
Laxmanan Kathiravelu: Sri Lankan Tamil politician, assassinated in 2009.
Kumar Ponnambalam: Tamil politician and human rights activist, assassinated in 2000.
Ameer Ali: Sri Lankan Muslim politician, killed in 2000.
Nadarajah Raviraj: Sri Lankan Tamil politician and Member of Parliament, assassinated in 2006.
K. Sivanesan: Tamil National Alliance politician, assassinated in 2008.
K. Ganeshalingam: Tamil National Alliance politician, killed in 2008.

What Happened with LTTE? – How LTTE End?

In the final years of the conflict, LTTE faced mounting pressure from Sri Lankan government forces. The turning point came in 2009 when government troops launched a major offensive, recapturing LTTE-held territories in the north. Despite LTTE’s long-standing resilience, they were gradually pushed into a small pocket of land in Mullaitivu district.

As the Sri Lankan military closed in, the LTTE’s leadership, including Velupillai Prabhakaran, faced increasing isolation. On May 18, 2009, government forces cornered Prabhakaran and other top LTTE leaders in a small area near Nanthikadal Lagoon. In a decisive military operation, Prabhakaran was killed, marking the end of LTTE’s armed struggle.

With Prabhakaran’s death and the decimation of its leadership, LTTE’s ability to continue the fight was severely crippled. This marked the conclusive end of the decades-long Sri Lankan Civil War, which had claimed the lives of tens of thousands and left lasting scars on the nation.

How the Civil War in Sri Lanka Started?

The seeds of the Sri Lankan Civil War were sown in the country’s colonial past and post-independence policies. During British rule, Tamil labor was brought in to work on tea plantations, leading to ethnic tensions.

Post-independence, discriminatory policies such as the Ceylon Citizenship Act and the Sinhala Only Act further alienated the Tamil minority. The 1956 Sinhala Only Act and subsequent anti-Tamil riots exacerbated these tensions, fueling separatist sentiments. The formation of militant groups like the

Tamil New Tigers and the Tamil United Liberation Front in the 1970s marked the escalation towards armed conflict, ultimately culminating in full-scale civil war.

Details about Velupillai Prabhakaran

Velupillai Prabhakaran was born on November 26, 1954, in Valvettithurai, Sri Lanka. He was merged as a central figure in the Tamil nationalist movement. Growing up in Jaffna, a hub of Tamil culture, he was deeply influenced by the discrimination faced by Tamils under the Sinhalese-dominated government.

In 1976, at the age of 22, Prabhakaran founded the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), aiming to establish an independent Tamil state in northern and eastern Sri Lanka. His leadership saw the LTTE rise to prominence, notably marked by a pivotal ambush on a Sri Lankan Army patrol in 1983, which ignited the Sri Lankan Civil War.

Prabhakaran’s personal life remained largely private and shrouded in secrecy. He married Mathivathani Erambu, with whom he had two children, including a son named Charles Anthony. However, details about his family life were scarce due to his reclusive nature and focus on militant activities.

Despite his leadership of the LTTE, Prabhakaran faced personal tragedy as his wife and daughter were reportedly found dead, and his eldest son, Charles Anthony, was killed in the final stages of the conflict. Additionally, his reported 12-year-old second son was executed shortly after his own death.

Prabhakaran’s life ended in a firefight with the Sri Lankan Army in May 2009, marking the conclusion of the Sri Lankan Civil War. Revered by some as a martyr of Tamil nationalism, his legacy remains contentious, with his ruthless tactics and secretive nature defining his role in the conflict and shaping the course of Sri Lankan history.

Key points about Velupillai Prabhakaran

Born on 26 November 1954 in Valvettithurai, Dominion of Ceylon.
Founded the Tamil New Tigers in 1972.
Founded and led the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) in 1976.
Known for Tamil nationalism, National Leader of Tamil Eelam, and military tactics.
Married Mathivathani Erambu in 1984.
Daughter Duvaraga born in 1986.
Son Charles Anthony born in 1989.
Another son, Balachandran, born in 1997.
Planned the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi in 1991.
Involved in the Colombo Central Bank bombing of 1996.
Arrest warrant issued by Colombo High Court.
Death warrant issued by Madras High Court, India.
Sentenced to 200 years imprisonment by Colombo High Court.
Also known by other names: Karikalan, Thalaivar, Anna, Thambiyanna, Thamizh Thesiya Thalaivar.
Died on 18 May 2009 in Mullaitivu, Sri Lanka, killed in action.
Charles Anthony died in 2009.
Duvaraga and Balachandran also died in 2009.

How the Sri Lankan Civil War Ended?

The Sri Lankan Civil War, a conflict that ravaged the island nation for 26 years, reached its long-awaited conclusion in May 2009 through a series of significant events that marked the end of hostilities and the defeat of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE).

On May 16, 2009, during the G11 summit in Jordan, President Mahinda Rajapaksa officially declared victory, signaling the end of the conflict that had plagued the nation for over two decades. This declaration came following a relentless military offensive by the Sri Lankan armed forces against the LTTE strongholds in the Northern region of the country.

The following day, on May 17, the LTTE conceded defeat, acknowledging that the battle had reached its bitter end. Selvarasa Pathmanathan, the chief of international relations for the LTTE, announced that they had decided to silence their guns, effectively admitting defeat in the face of overwhelming military pressure.

However, the final blow to the LTTE came on May 18 when Sri Lankan armed forces claimed the death of Velupillai Prabhakaran, the leader of the LTTE, in a rocket-propelled grenade attack as he attempted to flee the conflict zone. Prabhakaran’s death was a significant turning point in the conflict, as he had been the driving force behind the LTTE’s separatist movement and the architect of their military strategy.

The confirmation of Prabhakaran’s death came on May 19, when President Mahinda Rajapaksa addressed Parliament and declared Sri Lanka liberated from terrorism. Army Commander Sarath Fonseka officially announced Prabhakaran’s death, backed by DNA testing and identification by former LTTE member Karuna Amman.

Although there were initially some disputes and denials regarding Prabhakaran’s death, subsequent statements and evidence confirmed his demise, effectively ending his leadership and the LTTE’s reign of terror.

Key Parties & their Role in Sri Lankan Civil War

We have enlisted all the detais about Key Parties and their respective role in the Shi Lankan Civil War:

Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)

Role: LTTE, also known as the Tamil Tigers, was a militant organization fighting for an independent Tamil state in Sri Lanka. Led by Velupillai Prabhakaran, they waged a guerrilla war against the Sri Lankan government for over 26 years.
Tactics: LTTE employed various tactics including suicide bombings, assassinations, and conventional warfare to achieve their goals.
Control: LTTE established control over significant portions of the Northern and Eastern provinces of Sri Lanka, creating a de facto separate state called Tamil Eelam.
Influence: LTTE’s influence extended beyond Sri Lanka, with fundraising and support networks in several countries, particularly among the Tamil diaspora.

Government of Sri Lanka

Role: The Sri Lankan government, led by various administrations during the conflict, aimed to preserve the unity and territorial integrity of the country by defeating the LTTE insurgency.
Military Offensive: The government launched several military offensives to reclaim territory held by the LTTE and weaken their military capabilities.
Diplomacy: Sri Lanka engaged in diplomatic efforts to garner international support and portray LTTE as a terrorist organization, seeking assistance in combating the insurgency.
Humanitarian Concerns: The government faced criticism for its handling of humanitarian issues, including allegations of human rights abuses and civilian casualties during military operations.

Indian Government

Role: India played a significant role in the Sri Lankan conflict, initially supporting Tamil militants but later intervening militarily against the LTTE.
Support for Tamil Militants: In the early stages of the conflict, India provided support to Tamil militant groups, including training and arms, as part of its regional interests.
IPKF Intervention: In 1987, India intervened militarily with the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) to enforce the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord, aimed at resolving the conflict. However, the intervention faced resistance from the LTTE and resulted in significant casualties.
Withdrawal and Relations: India withdrew its forces in 1990, following the failure of the peacekeeping mission. Relations between India and Sri Lanka were strained due to the intervention and subsequent events.

International Community

Role: The international community, including the United Nations and various countries, played a role in diplomatic efforts, providing humanitarian aid, and condemning human rights violations during the conflict.
Diplomatic Pressure: Several countries exerted diplomatic pressure on Sri Lanka to address human rights concerns and engage in peace negotiations with the LTTE.
Humanitarian Aid: International organizations provided humanitarian assistance to displaced civilians and advocated for their protection during the conflict.
Arms Embargo: Some countries imposed arms embargoes on Sri Lanka and designated LTTE as a terrorist organization, limiting their access to funding and weapons.

Tamil Political Parties

Role: Tamil political parties, including the Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF) and Tamil National Alliance (TNA), represented the political aspirations of the Tamil community in Sri Lanka.
Advocacy: These parties advocated for the rights of the Tamil minority, including autonomy and self-determination, within a united Sri Lanka.
Negotiations: Tamil political leaders engaged in negotiations with the Sri Lankan government and international mediators to find a political solution to the conflict, often aligning with LTTE’s demands for Tamil rights.

Paramilitary Groups

Role: Paramilitary groups, such as the Tamil Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal (TMVP) and Eelam People’s Democratic Party (EPDP), were aligned with the Sri Lankan government and opposed the LTTE.
Counterinsurgency: These groups assisted the Sri Lankan military in counterinsurgency operations, providing intelligence and conducting attacks against LTTE targets.
Control: Paramilitary groups exerted influence in areas formerly controlled by LTTE, often engaging in human rights abuses and political intimidation.

India’s role in the Sri Lankan Civil War

India played a complex and multifaceted role in the Sri Lankan Civil War, influenced by regional geopolitical considerations, domestic political dynamics, and concerns about Tamil Nadu’s sentiments. Here’s a detailed overview of India’s role:

1. Support for Tamil Militants

During the early stages of the conflict in the 1980s, India provided support to various Tamil militant groups, including the LTTE, as part of its regional interests. This support included training, arms, and sanctuary for Tamil militants in Tamil Nadu.

2. Indo-Sri Lanka Accord (1987)

India brokered the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord between the Sri Lankan government and Tamil representatives, aimed at resolving the conflict through devolution of power and autonomy for Tamil-majority regions. The accord, signed between Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and Sri Lankan President J.R. Jayewardene, proposed the creation of provincial councils and official status for the Tamil language.

3. Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) Intervention

As part of the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord, India deployed the IPKF to Sri Lanka in 1987 to enforce the terms of the agreement and disarm the LTTE. The IPKF faced resistance from the LTTE and other militant groups, resulting in a protracted and bloody military campaign.

4. Escalation of Conflict

The IPKF intervention led to increased violence and tensions in Sri Lanka, with clashes between Indian troops and LTTE fighters causing significant casualties on both sides. The intervention also strained relations between India and Sri Lanka, as the IPKF faced criticism for alleged human rights abuses and heavy-handed tactics.

5. Withdrawal of IPKF

Facing mounting casualties and domestic opposition, India withdrew the IPKF from Sri Lanka in 1990, marking the end of its military intervention. The withdrawal was seen as a failure of India’s efforts to resolve the conflict and left a power vacuum in the Tamil-majority areas, contributing to further instability.

6. Diplomatic Engagement

Despite the withdrawal of the IPKF, India remained engaged diplomatically in efforts to facilitate peace negotiations between the Sri Lankan government and Tamil representatives. India continued to advocate for a political solution to the conflict that addressed the grievances of the Tamil minority.

7. Changing Stance

Over time, India’s stance on the Sri Lankan conflict evolved, with a shift towards supporting Sri Lanka’s sovereignty and territorial integrity. This shift was influenced by concerns about Tamil Nadu’s political sensitivities, as well as a desire to maintain strategic relations with Sri Lanka.

8. Humanitarian Assistance

Throughout the conflict, India provided humanitarian assistance to Sri Lanka, including food aid, medical supplies, and support for internally displaced persons (IDPs). India also played a role in facilitating peace talks and reconciliation efforts between the Sri Lankan government and Tamil groups in later years.

About Indian Peace Keeping Forces

We can understand about the Indian Peace Keeping Force in detail with these following points:
The Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) was deployed in Sri Lanka between 1987 and 1990 as part of a peacekeeping mission under the mandate of the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord.

The primary goal of the IPKF was to end the Sri Lankan Civil War, which involved various Tamil militant groups, including the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), and the Sri Lankan military.

Formation and Objectives

The IPKF was established following the 1987 Indo-Sri Lanka Accord, brokered by Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and Sri Lankan President J. R. Jayewardene. The accord aimed to disarm all militant groups, not just the LTTE, and establish an Interim Administrative Council in Tamil-majority regions. Rajiv Gandhi pushed the accord due to the escalating conflict and the influx of refugees into India.

Initial Deployment

The IPKF was deployed to Sri Lanka on the request of President Jayewardene. Initially, the Indian High Command did not anticipate significant combat, expecting a relatively peaceful disarmament process. However, the situation rapidly deteriorated.

Escalation of Conflict

Tensions escalated following the deaths of 17 LTTE prisoners, including two area commanders, in the custody of the Sri Lankan Army. The LTTE blamed the IPKF for these deaths, leading to a breakdown in relations. The IPKF then decided to disarm the LTTE by force if necessary.

Combat Operations

Over the next two years, the IPKF engaged in numerous combat operations against the LTTE. These operations aimed to dismantle the LTTE’s insurgency but resulted in repeated skirmishes and significant violence. The conflict saw numerous civilian massacres and instances of rape attributed to the IPKF, further straining relations and tarnishing the mission’s reputation. Many IPKF soldiers were also killed by the LTTE during these operations.

Withdrawal

The withdrawal of the IPKF began in 1989, following the election of V. P. Singh in India and Ranasinghe Premadasa in Sri Lanka, who requested the IPKF’s exit. The last IPKF contingents left Sri Lanka in March 1990, marking the end of India’s direct military involvement in the conflict.

Aftermath and Legacy

India’s intervention in Sri Lanka is often compared to the American involvement in Vietnam, earning the moniker “India’s Vietnam.” The mission is seen as a complex and controversial chapter in Indian military history, marked by initial good intentions but marred by operational challenges, high casualties, and allegations of human rights abuses.

What was the Result of Civil War in Sri Lanka?

The Sri Lankan Civil War, which lasted from 1983 to 2009, had profound and far-reaching impacts on Sri Lanka. The conflict, primarily between the Sri Lankan government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), resulted in significant political, social, and economic changes in the country. Here are the detailed results and consequences of the war:

Military Outcome

Defeat of the LTTE: The LTTE was militarily defeated in May 2009. The Sri Lankan armed forces launched a final offensive in the Northern Province, leading to the capture of all remaining LTTE-held territory. The death of LTTE leader Velupillai Prabhakaran marked the end of the LTTE as a significant military force.
Restoration of Territorial Integrity: The Sri Lankan government regained control over all territories previously held by the LTTE. This included the Northern and Eastern Provinces, which were heavily affected by the war.

Political Consequences

Consolidation of Power: President Mahinda Rajapaksa, under whose leadership the final offensive was conducted, consolidated power. The war’s end boosted his popularity, enabling him to secure a second term in office in the 2010 presidential election.
International Relations: The Sri Lankan government faced significant international scrutiny and criticism for alleged human rights abuses during the final stages of the war. Reports of civilian casualties and humanitarian crises led to calls for international investigations and accountability.
Post-War Governance: The government implemented a series of measures to assert control over the former conflict zones, including extensive military presence and development projects. However, political reconciliation and addressing the grievances of the Tamil minority remained challenging.

Humanitarian Impact

Civilian Casualties: The war resulted in substantial civilian casualties, particularly in its final phases. Estimates of the total number of people killed during the war vary widely, with some sources suggesting that tens of thousands of civilians died in the last months alone.
Displacement and Refugees: The conflict displaced hundreds of thousands of people. Many were forced to live in internally displaced persons (IDP) camps, and a significant number of Tamil civilians fled the country, seeking asylum abroad.
Human Rights Violations: Both the Sri Lankan government and the LTTE were accused of committing serious human rights violations, including extrajudicial killings, forced disappearances, and the use of child soldiers. These allegations have been the subject of ongoing international attention and calls for justice.

Infrastructure Damage: The prolonged conflict caused extensive damage to infrastructure, including homes, schools, hospitals, and transportation networks in the Northern and Eastern Provinces. Rebuilding and development efforts have been ongoing since the war’s end.
Economic Strain: The war placed a significant strain on Sri Lanka’s economy. Military expenditures were high, and the disruption of agriculture and other economic activities in the conflict zones had lasting effects. Post-war reconstruction has required substantial investment.
Social Fabric: The war deeply affected the social fabric of Sri Lanka. The Tamil population, in particular, faced significant trauma and loss. The end of the war did not immediately heal ethnic tensions, and issues of reconciliation and integration of former combatants have been critical post-war challenges.

Post-War Developments

Rehabilitation and Reconstruction: The Sri Lankan government launched various initiatives for the rehabilitation of former LTTE cadres, reconstruction of war-torn areas, and resettlement of displaced persons. Significant international aid was also directed towards these efforts.
Reconciliation Efforts: The government established several commissions and committees to address wartime grievances and promote reconciliation. However, the effectiveness and sincerity of these efforts have been questioned by Tamil leaders and international observers.
Continued Vigilance and Security: Despite the war’s end, the government maintained a heavy security presence in the former conflict areas to prevent any resurgence of militancy. This has included surveillance and intelligence operations aimed at dismantling any remaining LTTE networks.
War Crimes and Accountability: The issue of war crimes and accountability has remained a contentious topic. Various international bodies, including the United Nations, have called for thorough investigations into alleged atrocities committed by both sides during the conflict.

Impact of Sri Lankan Civil War – Consequences of Sri Lankan Civil War

The Sri Lankan Civil War had profound short-term and long-term impacts, affecting both the Sinhalese and Tamil communities. The short-term impacts included humanitarian crises, infrastructure destruction, and political shifts, while long-term impacts involved economic burdens, social tensions, and ongoing human rights issues.

The war left deep scars, with both communities facing unique challenges and consequences in the post-war era.

Short-Term Impact

1. Humanitarian Crisis

Civilian Casualties: Tens of thousands of civilians killed, especially in the final months.
Displacement: Hundreds of thousands of people were displaced, living in Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) camps.
Trauma and Psychological Impact: High incidence of PTSD, anxiety, and depression among the population, particularly children and women.

2. Destruction of Infrastructure

Damage to Public Services: Schools, hospitals, and roads were extensively damaged, disrupting education and healthcare.
Economic Disruption: Agriculture, fisheries, and other key economic activities were severely impacted, especially in Northern and Eastern provinces.

3. Military and Political Shifts

Consolidation of Power: The Rajapaksa administration strengthened its political power following the military victory.
Increased Security Presence: High military presence in former conflict zones to maintain control and security.

Long-Term Impact

1. Economic Consequences

Rebuilding Costs: Significant financial investment required for reconstruction of war-torn areas.
Economic Burden: High military expenditure and economic disruption during the war strained the national economy.
Development Challenges: Post-war development faced uneven growth and challenges in inclusive economic development.

2. Social and Ethnic Tensions

Ethnic Polarization: Deepened mistrust and division between Sinhalese and Tamil communities.
Reconciliation Efforts: Ongoing challenges in reconciliation and integration of Tamil communities into mainstream society.
Diaspora Influence: A significant Tamil diaspora emerged, influencing international perceptions and politics.

3. Political and Human Rights Issues

Human Rights Allegations: Continued allegations of war crimes and human rights violations by both sides.
International Pressure: Persistent international scrutiny and calls for accountability and justice.
Governance Challenges: Centralized political power and resistance to international human rights inquiries.

Consequences for Sinhalese and Sri Lankan Tamils

1. Sinhalese Community

Nationalism and Military Pride: Strengthened sense of nationalism and pride in military success.
Political Dominance: Consolidation of political power within the Sinhalese-dominated government.
Economic Strain: Bearing the economic burden of high military expenditures and reconstruction costs.

2. Sri Lankan Tamil Community

Marginalization and Discrimination: Continued feelings of political and social marginalization.
Loss and Trauma: High civilian casualties, displacement, and psychological trauma.
Diaspora Formation: Significant portion of the community sought asylum abroad, creating a global Tamil diaspora.
Rebuilding Lives: Ongoing struggle to rebuild lives and communities in the war-affected Northern and Eastern provinces.
Human Rights and Justice: Persistent demands for justice, accountability, and recognition of their grievances and losses.

What we can learn from Sri Lankan Civil War

These are the many lessons we can learn from Sri Lankan Civil War:

Support Inclusive Government: We should ensure that all ethnic and minority groups are included in governance. It can prevent feelings of marginalization and conflict to the minorities and local communities.
Address People’s Problems Early before it become too late: Early intervention in addressing grievances can prevent them from escalating into violent conflict, maintaining peace and stability.
Oppose Discriminatory Policies even if it doesn’t affect you: Never support discriminatory policies, even if they benefit you, as they can lead to long-term social and ethnic tensions.
Develop Strong Conflict Resolution Mechanisms: Establishing effective conflict resolution mechanisms is crucial for addressing disputes and preventing escalation into violence.
Protect Human Rights for All: Expect your human rights to be protected only if you protect the rights of others, fostering a culture of mutual respect and justice.
Focus on Sustainable Development, don’t fall for freebies: Instead of relying on short-term freebies, demand systems and policies that empower and make people self-reliant and productive.
Strengthen International Community Ties, don’t left them out: Building strong and interactive international relationships can provide support and mediation during conflicts, aiding in resolution.
Understand the Long-Term Impact of War, choose peace, if possible even a bit: Recognize that war does not end in a single day; its impacts can last for decades or even centuries, affecting multiple generations.
Prioritize Peace: Always advocate for peace and conflict resolution through dialogue and negotiation rather than resorting to violence.
Protect Loved Ones: Ensure that your loved ones are never left alone or unprotected during times of conflict, emphasizing the importance of community and family.
Support Media Freedom: Allowing media to operate freely can help promote peace by providing accurate information and reducing the spread of propaganda.
Prevent Radicalization: Actively work to prevent the growth of radicalization within your community, addressing root causes and promoting inclusivity.
Crush Radicalization with Firm Policies: Establish strong mechanisms to deal with radicalization swiftly and effectively, using firm policies and interventions.
Empower Local Communities: Leadership should ensure that local communities do not feel marginalized, involving them in decision-making processes to enhance their sense of belonging.
Preserve History: Remember and learn from your history to inform better policies and prevent the repetition of past mistakes.
Strengthen Internal Institutions: Make sure that a country’s internal institutions are powerful, transparent, and impartial to maintain the rule of law and justice.
Use Dialogue Over Force: When your people feel stressed and marginalized, address their concerns through dialogue and negotiation rather than using force.
Promote Accessible Education: Prioritize education and make it affordable and accessible to all, as it is key to long-term peace and development.
Respect Cultural Diversity: Never allow a government that does not respect cultural diversity or that promotes cultural superiority to come to power.
Learn from History: Always study and learn from historical conflicts to avoid repeating the same mistakes and to develop better strategies for peace.

Top 10 Books on Sri Lankan Civil War

We have added the Top 10 Books which as been written on Civil War in Sri Lanka and addressed all the facts and information that can help you to know about the Sri Lankan Civil War in deep:

1. 1st of Top 10 Books on Sri Lankan Civil War: The Cage: The Fight for Sri Lanka and the Last Days of the Tamil Tigers

Writer: Gordon Weiss
When Published: 2011
Summary of the Book: This book offers a detailed account of the final stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War, highlighting the intense humanitarian issues and atrocities committed during this period. Weiss, a former UN official, provides a critical analysis of the war’s end and the international community’s response.

2. 2nd of Top 10 Books on Sri Lankan Civil War: Tamil Tigress: My Story as a Child Soldier in Sri Lanka’s Bloody Civil War

Writer: Niromi de Soyza
When Published: 2011
Summary of the Book: An autobiographical account of a young Tamil woman who joined the LTTE as a teenager, offering a personal and poignant perspective on the war. De Soyza narrates her experiences as a child soldier, shedding light on the emotional and physical toll of the conflict.

3. 3rd of Top 10 Books on Sri Lankan Civil War: To End a Civil War: Norway’s Peace Engagement in Sri Lanka

Writer: Mark Salter
When Published: 2015
Summary of the Book: This book explores the role of Norway in mediating peace during the Sri Lankan Civil War. Salter provides an in-depth analysis of the peace process, the challenges faced, and the eventual breakdown of negotiations, offering insights into international diplomacy.

4. 4th of Top 10 Books on Sri Lankan Civil War: Island of Blood: Frontline Reports from Sri Lanka, Afghanistan and Other South Asian Flashpoint

Writer: Anita Pratap
When Published: 2001
Summary of the Book: A collection of frontline reports by journalist Anita Pratap, providing firsthand accounts of the conflict in Sri Lanka and other regions. Pratap’s vivid reporting captures the brutal realities of war and the resilience of those affected.

5. 5th of Top 10 Books on Sri Lankan Civil War: Still Counting the Dead: Survivors of Sri Lanka’s Hidden War

Writer: Frances Harrison
When Published: 2012
Summary of the Book: This book gathers the testimonies of survivors from the final phase of the war, highlighting the human cost and the aftermath of the conflict. Harrison’s work focuses on the voices of those who lived through the war, emphasizing the ongoing struggles of the survivors.

6. 6th of Top 10 Books on Sri Lankan Civil War: This Divided Island: Stories from the Sri Lankan War

Writer: Samanth Subramanian
When Published: 2014
Summary of the Book: A narrative non-fiction work that delves into the lives of individuals affected by the civil war, examining its impact on Sri Lankan society. Subramanian’s storytelling brings to life the experiences of those caught in the conflict, from soldiers to civilians.

7. 7th of Top 10 Books on Sri Lankan Civil War: The Broken Palmyra: The Tamil Crisis in Sri Lanka – An Inside Account

Writers: Rajan Hoole, Daya Somasundaram, K. Sritharan, and Rajani Thiranagama
When Published: 1990
Summary of the Book: Written by a group of Sri Lankan academics and activists, this book provides an in-depth analysis of the Tamil struggle and the broader political crisis. It offers a critical perspective on the origins and development of the conflict.

8. 8th of Top 10 Books on Sri Lankan Civil War: In My Mother’s House: Civil War in Sri Lanka

Writer: Sharika Thiranagama
When Published: 2011
Summary of the Book: An ethnographic study that looks at the effects of the civil war on families and communities in Sri Lanka, particularly among the Tamil population. Thiranagama’s work explores themes of displacement, identity, and memory.

9. 9th of Top 10 Books on Sri Lankan Civil War: The Tamil Genocide by Sri Lanka: The Global Failure to Protect Tamil Rights Under International Law

Writer: Francis Boyle
When Published: 2010
Summary of the Book: This book argues that the actions of the Sri Lankan government during the civil war constituted genocide and critiques the international response. Boyle provides a legal analysis of the conflict, highlighting failures in protecting human rights.

10. 10th of Top 10 Books on Sri Lankan Civil War: Sri Lanka’s Secrets: How the Rajapaksa Regime Gets Away with Murder

Writer: Trevor Grant
When Published: 2014
Summary of the Book: Investigates the alleged war crimes committed by the Sri Lankan government during the final stages of the civil war and the subsequent cover-ups. Grant’s work delves into the political and military strategies that allowed these crimes to go unpunished.

Sri Lankan Civil War UPSC Questions

Question-1: What was the Sri Lankan Civil War?

Answer. The Sri Lankan Civil War was a protracted armed conflict between the government of Sri Lanka and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), who sought to create an independent Tamil state in the north and east of the island. The war lasted from 1983 to 2009.

Question-2: When did the Sri Lankan Civil War begin?

Answer. The war officially began on July 23, 1983, following an LTTE ambush on Sri Lankan soldiers, which led to anti-Tamil riots and widespread violence.

Question-3: Who were the main parties involved in the Sri Lankan Civil War?

Answer. The main parties were the Sri Lankan government and the LTTE, also known as the Tamil Tigers, a militant organization fighting for Tamil independence.

Question-4: What caused the Sri Lankan Civil War?

Answer. The war was caused by ethnic tensions between the Sinhalese majority and the Tamil minority, fueled by discriminatory policies, economic disparities, and political marginalization of Tamils.

Question-5: What was the Black July?

Answer. Black July refers to the anti-Tamil pogroms that occurred in July 1983 following the LTTE’s ambush on Sri Lankan soldiers, which marked the beginning of the civil war.

Question-6: What was the role of the LTTE in the civil war?

Answer. The LTTE, led by Velupillai Prabhakaran, was the primary militant group fighting for an independent Tamil state. They conducted guerrilla warfare, terrorist attacks, and established a de facto state in northern and eastern Sri Lanka.

Question-7: How did the international community respond to the Sri Lankan Civil War?

Answer. The international community had varied responses, including calls for peace, humanitarian aid, and accusations of human rights violations against both the Sri Lankan government and the LTTE.

Question-8: What was the Indo-Sri Lankan Accord?

Answer. Signed in 1987, the Indo-Sri Lankan Accord was an agreement between India and Sri Lanka aimed at ending the civil war by granting autonomy to Tamil regions and deploying the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) to enforce peace.

Question-9: What was the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF)?

Answer. The IPKF was an Indian military contingent sent to Sri Lanka under the Indo-Sri Lankan Accord to disarm militant groups, including the LTTE. However, they became embroiled in combat with the LTTE.

Question-10: When did the IPKF withdraw from Sri Lanka?

Answer. The IPKF began withdrawing in 1989 and completed its withdrawal by March 1990, following orders from the newly elected Sri Lankan President Ranasinghe Premadasa.

Question-11: What was Operation Poomalai?

Answer. Operation Poomalai was an Indian humanitarian air drop of supplies to Tamil civilians in Jaffna in June 1987, which pressured Sri Lanka to accept the Indo-Sri Lankan Accord.

Question-12: What was the first major LTTE suicide bombing?

Answer. The first major LTTE suicide bombing occurred on July 5, 1987, when Captain Miller drove an explosive-laden truck into a Sri Lankan Army camp in Jaffna, killing dozens of soldiers.

Question-13: What was the impact of the 1991 assassination of Rajiv Gandhi?

Answer. The assassination of Rajiv Gandhi by an LTTE suicide bomber in May 1991 led to India’s ban on the LTTE and significantly altered India’s foreign policy towards Sri Lanka.

Question-14: How did the assassination of President Ranasinghe Premadasa affect the war?

Answer. The assassination of President Premadasa by the LTTE in May 1993 led to further escalation of the conflict and increased military operations against the LTTE.

Question-15: What was the significance of the fall of Jaffna in 1995?

Answer. The fall of Jaffna in December 1995 was a major military victory for the Sri Lankan government, as it recaptured the key LTTE stronghold, leading to significant territorial losses for the LTTE.

Question-16: What was the Ceasefire Agreement (CFA) of 2002?

Answer. The CFA was a peace agreement brokered by Norway between the Sri Lankan government and the LTTE, which brought a temporary halt to hostilities and initiated peace talks.

Question-17: Why did the 2002 ceasefire fail?

Answer. The ceasefire failed due to mutual distrust, continued violence, and the inability to reach a lasting political solution, leading to the resumption of full-scale war in 2006.

Question-18: What were the key military operations during the final phase of the war?

Answer. Key operations included the capture of Kilinochchi in January 2009 and the final assault on the LTTE’s last stronghold in May 2009, leading to the defeat of the LTTE.

Question-19: When did the Sri Lankan government declare victory over the LTTE?

Answer. The Sri Lankan government declared victory over the LTTE on May 16, 2009, after capturing the last LTTE-held territory.

Question-20: What happened to LTTE leader Velupillai Prabhakaran?

Answer. LTTE leader Velupillai Prabhakaran was killed on May 18, 2009, during the final assault by Sri Lankan troops, marking the end of the LTTE’s leadership.

Question-21: What was the humanitarian impact of the Sri Lankan Civil War?

Answer. The war resulted in significant civilian casualties, displacement of populations, and widespread destruction, with both sides accused of human rights violations.

Question-22: What was the role of child soldiers in the Sri Lankan Civil War?

Answer. The LTTE was notorious for recruiting and using child soldiers, which drew widespread international condemnation and highlighted the severe human rights abuses during the conflict.

Question-23: How did the war affect Sri Lanka’s economy?

Answer. The war severely impacted Sri Lanka’s economy, diverting resources to military spending, disrupting economic activities, and deterring foreign investment and tourism.

Question-24: What were the long-term social impacts of the war on Sri Lanka?

Answer. Long-term impacts included deep-seated ethnic tensions, psychological trauma among survivors, and challenges in post-war reconciliation and rebuilding efforts.

Question-25: How did the war influence Sri Lanka’s political landscape?

Answer. The war led to increased militarization, centralization of power, and the rise of strongman

Question-26: What role did media play during the Sri Lankan Civil War?

Answer. Media played a crucial role in shaping public perception, with both sides using propaganda, and international media highlighting the humanitarian crisis and human rights abuses.

Question-27: How did the international community respond to the end of the war?

Answer. The international community had mixed responses, with some praising the defeat of terrorism,

Question-28: What were the key challenges in post-war reconciliation in Sri Lanka?

Answer. Challenges included addressing war crimes, ensuring justice for victims, rebuilding trust between communities, and integrating former combatants into society.

Question-29: What steps has Sri Lanka taken towards post-war reconstruction?

Answer. Sri Lanka has undertaken various reconstruction efforts, including rebuilding infrastructure, resettling displaced persons, and initiating development projects in war-affected areas.

Question-30: What lessons can be learned from the Sri Lankan Civil War?

Answer. Key lessons include the importance of addressing grievances early, promoting inclusive governance, protecting human rights, preventing radicalization, and learning from history to avoid future conflicts.

Sri Lankan Civil War 1989-2009 | Explained!

Sri Lankan Civil War 1989-2009 | Explained!

Table of Contents

Introduction to the Sri Lankan Civil War UPSC

Why is Sri Lankan Civil War in the news? – UPSC Current Affairs 2024

Full Details about the Sri Lankan Civil War

Complete Story of Civil War in Sri Lanka (in Brief)

Origin of Sri Lankan Civil War – Reason behind the Civil War in Sri Lanka

Key Factors Leading the Civil War in Sri Lanka

Evolution of Sri Lankan Civil War – Complete Timeline of Civil War in Sri Lanka

Pre-War Period

Civil War Period

End of the War

Details about Libration of Tamil Tigers Eelam (LiTTE / LTTE)

How LTTE Start?

Background of LTTE

Formation of LTTE

Structure of LTTE

Ideology of LTTE

Major Suicide Attacks by LTTE

Key Assassinations by LTTE

What Happened with LTTE? – How LTTE End?

How the Civil War in Sri Lanka Started?

Details about Velupillai Prabhakaran

How the Sri Lankan Civil War Ended?

Key Parties & their Role in Sri Lankan Civil War

Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)

Government of Sri Lanka

Indian Government

International Community

Tamil Political Parties

Paramilitary Groups

India’s role in the Sri Lankan Civil War

About Indian Peace Keeping Forces

Formation and Objectives

Initial Deployment

Escalation of Conflict

Combat Operations

Withdrawal

Aftermath and Legacy

What was the Result of Civil War in Sri Lanka?

Military Outcome

Political Consequences

Humanitarian Impact

Social and Economic Effects

Post-War Developments

Impact of Sri Lankan Civil War – Consequences of Sri Lankan Civil War

Short-Term Impact

Long-Term Impact

Consequences for Sinhalese and Sri Lankan Tamils

What we can learn from Sri Lankan Civil War

Top 10 Books on Sri Lankan Civil War

Sri Lankan Civil War UPSC Questions

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