Introduction to Bubonic Plague UPSC

Welcome to PreCrack! Recently, there was a scary news trending that, in USA, there was a confirmation of a case in Oregon. That man got effected of Bubonic Plague he was likely transmitted from a sick pet cat. The History of Bubonic Plague was disastrous. Those who has faced it by getting transmitted or affected of it, are either died or got cured not so nicely.

Why Bubonic Plague is in the news? – Bubonic Plague UPSC Current Affairs

Bubonic plague is in the news as health officials confirm the first case in Oregon since 2005. The infected person likely contracted the disease from a sick pet cat. The swift detection led to antibiotic treatment for the individual and their contacts.

What is Bubonic Plague? – Black Death UPSC

Bubonic plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. It is typically transmitted through the bites of infected fleas, which commonly infest small mammals.

About Bubonic Plague

Bubonic plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, presents with flu-like symptoms such as fever, headaches, and vomiting. Swollen and painful lymph nodes, known as buboes, characterize the bubonic form. It spreads mainly through infected fleas from small animals, with potential transmission from dead infected animals.

First Pandemic of Bubonic Plague

The first recorded pandemic occurred during the Plague of Justinian (541–549 AD), affecting the Sasanian Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire. Emperor Justinian I, infected but survived through extensive treatment, witnessed the pandemic claim an estimated 25 to 50 million lives over two centuries. The disease spread from Constantinople across the Mediterranean, causing significant mortality.

Second Pandemic of Bubonic Plague

The second pandemic, known as the Black Death, struck Europe in the Late Middle Ages (1346–1352), claiming one-third of the European population with mortality rates reaching 70%-80%.

Originating in Central Asia, it spread through Italy and other European countries, profoundly impacting society. The Mongols’ interruption of the Silk Road halted the Black Death’s spread, but during the siege of Caffa, biological warfare was initiated by catapulting plague-infested corpses. Unknowingly, Italian merchants carried the disease on their ships, and rats transmitted it as they migrated with humans, contributing to the pandemic’s global reach.

Third Pandemic of Bubonic Plague

The third pandemic emerged in the mid-19^th century, originating in Yunnan, China. Localized in Southwest China for years, it spread globally through shipping routes, reaching port cities worldwide.

Canton, Hong Kong, and San Francisco experienced outbreaks, and the plague persisted in the United States until 1924. The World Health Organization considered the pandemic active until 1959, with the last major outbreak in Los Angeles. In 1994, a plague outbreak in India triggered migration.

Hong Kong plague outbreak

During the 1894 Hong Kong plague outbreak, Alexandre Yersin isolated the bacterium responsible, Yersinia pestis, shortly after Japanese bacteriologist Kitasato Shibasaburō. Yersin’s precise identification led to the naming of the bacterium after him.

Throughout history, the Black Death Disease has left indelible marks on societies, influencing demographic shifts, economic changes, and shaping medical understanding. From the Neolithic decline to the Plague of Justinian, the Black Death, and the modern pandemic, this infectious disease’s impact has been profound and enduring.

Bubonic Plague Outbreak in India

These were some instances when the Bubonic Plague outbreak in India has been seen:

1. The Great Bombay Plague (1896-1911):

• Start: September 1896
• Estimated Deaths: 10 million (British Raj), 8-10 million (India alone)
• End: 1911, with significant decline after 1901

Contributing factors:

• Poor sanitation and living conditions in Bombay (now Mumbai)
• High rodent population and flea infestation
• Inadequate medical knowledge and infrastructure
• Ineffective initial containment measures like fumigation and quarantines

Turning point:

• Appointment of Dr. W.M. Haffkine to lead plague control efforts
• Implementation of more targeted measures like rat-catching campaigns, improved sanitation, and isolation of infected individuals
• Development of a plague vaccine by Dr. Haffkine (although its effectiveness is debated)

2. Recent Outbreaks:

• 1994: Maharashtra & Gujarat, 56 deaths
• 2002: Himachal Pradesh, 1 death
• 2004: Uttarakhand, 3 deaths

Contributing factors:

• Pockets of poor sanitation and rodent habitats, mainly in rural areas
• Sporadic presence of plague bacteria in rodent populations
• Limited healthcare access in affected areas

Origin of Bubonic Plague

Bubonic plague’s origins trace back to the Late Bronze Age, with ancient DNA found in human teeth from 2,800 to 5,000 years ago. The bacterium Yersinia pestis has been linked to historical pandemics, including the Plague of Justinian and the devastating Black Death in the Late Middle Ages.

Causes of Bubonic Plague

These are some major causes of Bubonic Plague-

1. Flea transmission: Primarily spread through the bite of infected fleas, especially Xenopsylla cheopis (Oriental rat flea).
2. Flea species carriers: Other flea species like Pulex irritans and Ceratophyllus fasciatus can also carry and transmit the plague.
3. Flea aggregation: Yersinia pestis forms aggregates in the gut of infected fleas, facilitating transmission.
4. Lymphatic infection: Bacteria infect the lymphatic system, causing swollen and painful lymph nodes.
5. Rat amplification: Rats serve as amplifying hosts due to their close association with humans and tolerance to the bacteria.
6. Rat blood nature: The nature of rat blood allows them to withstand high concentrations of the plague.
7. Rapid bacterial multiplication: Bacteria multiply rapidly in host lymph nodes, leading to systemic infection.
8. Flea transmission to humans: Typically occurs when rat populations decrease due to mass infection.
9. Crowded conditions: Outbreaks may occur in overcrowded areas, especially with reduced rat populations.
10. Harboring in rat populations: Rats can carry low levels of the plague without causing human outbreaks.
11. Rare human-to-human transmission: Can occur through direct contact or respiratory droplets, though uncommon.
12. Persistence in the environment: Yersinia pestis can persist in rodent burrows and flea populations, contributing to ongoing risk.

Symptoms of Bubonic Plague

If you suspect you have contracted bubonic plague, it’s crucial to seek immediate medical attention. The signs and symptoms of bubonic plague typically manifest 2 to 7 days after being bitten by an infected flea. Here are potential signs:

1. Chills: Experiencing sudden chills or shivering.
2. General Malaise: Feeling unwell, fatigued, or having a sense of discomfort.
3. High Fever: A fever exceeding 39 °C (102.2 °F).
4. Muscle Cramps: Experiencing muscle cramps or spasms.
5. Seizures: Sudden, uncontrolled movements or convulsions.
6. Painful Lymph Gland Swelling (Bubo): Developing a swollen and painful lymph node, known as a bubo. Commonly found in the groin, armpits, or neck, near the site of the initial bite or scratch.
7. Pre-Swelling Pain: Pain may occur in the affected area before the swelling becomes apparent.
8. Gangrene of Extremities: In severe cases, the development of gangrene in toes, fingers, lips, or the tip of the nose.
9. Respiratory Symptoms: If the infection progresses to pneumonic plague, symptoms may include coughing, difficulty breathing, and chest pain.
10. Vomiting of Blood: Continuous vomiting of blood (hematemesis) may occur in advanced stages.
11. Aching Limbs: Muscular pain and discomfort in limbs.
12. Skin Decay or Decomposition Pain: Extreme pain due to the decay or decomposition of the skin while still alive.
13. Additional Complications: Symptoms can include heavy breathing, gastrointestinal problems, spleen inflammation, black dots scattered throughout the body (lenticulae), delirium, coma, and organ failure.

Diagnosis of Bubonic Plague

Diagnosing bubonic plague involves laboratory testing to confirm the presence of the Yersinia pestis bacteria. The process includes the following steps:

Y. pestis Culture Identification:

• Ideally, confirmation is achieved by isolating and identifying Y. pestis culture from a patient sample.
• Culture is grown over a 72-hour period, and the presence of the bacteria is confirmed through microscopic examination.

Serum Testing:

• Confirmation of infection involves examining serum taken during both the early and late stages of the infection.
• This helps in identifying specific antibodies or antigens associated with Y. pestis.

Rapid Dipstick Tests:

• Rapid dipstick tests have been developed for quick screening of the Y. pestis antigen in patients.
• These tests are particularly useful for field use and provide a rapid initial assessment.

Sample Collection:

• Various samples are taken for testing, including fluid samples from swollen lymph nodes (buboes) characteristic of bubonic plague. This is done using a needle.
• Blood samples are collected for blood cultures to test for bacteria and identify the source of infection.
• Spirometry tests may be conducted to screen the lungs for diseases affecting the airways.
• Chest X-rays of the lungs are used as an effective method of diagnosis, especially if pneumonic plague is suspected.

How to Prevent Ourselves from Bubonic Plague

Preventing yourself from being infected with bubonic plague involves taking several precautions to minimize the risk of exposure to the Yersinia pestis bacteria. Here are some personal preventive measures:

1. Avoiding Areas with Known Outbreaks

Stay informed about regions with reported bubonic plague cases and avoid traveling to these areas, especially during outbreaks.

2. Minimizing Contact with Wild Rodents

Refrain from handling or approaching wild rodents, as they may carry infected fleas. This includes avoiding dead rodents and their nests.

3. Protective Clothing

If you need to be in areas where exposure is possible, wear protective clothing such as long sleeves, pants, and gloves to minimize direct contact with fleas.

4. Insect Repellent

Use insect repellent containing DEET on exposed skin to prevent flea bites. This is particularly important if you are in regions where bubonic plague is endemic.

5. Avoiding Flea Bites

Take precautions to prevent flea bites, such as avoiding areas with a high concentration of fleas and using insect nets if necessary.

6. Pet Care

Ensure that your pets are treated for fleas regularly, as they can carry infected fleas into your home. Consult with a veterinarian for appropriate flea control measures.

7. Maintaining Hygiene

Practice good personal hygiene, including regular handwashing with soap and water, to minimize the risk of infection through contact with contaminated surfaces.

8. Prompt Medical Attention

If you experience symptoms like fever, swollen lymph nodes, or other flu-like symptoms after potential exposure, seek immediate medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment.

9. Educating Yourself

Stay informed about the signs and symptoms of bubonic plague to recognize them early and seek help promptly.

10. Limiting Outdoor Activities during Peak Season

Be cautious during the summer and early fall when the mortality rate is highest. Limit outdoor activities in areas with a higher risk of exposure.

What can be the Treatment of Bubonic Plague?

Treatment for bubonic plague typically involves the prompt administration of antibiotics. Several classes of antibiotics have proven to be effective in treating the disease:

These are some antibiotics for Bubonic Plague:

• Aminoglycosides: Examples include streptomycin and gentamicin.
• Tetracyclines: Particularly effective antibiotics in this class include doxycycline.
• Fluoroquinolone: Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone that has demonstrated efficacy in treating bubonic plague.

Treatment Regimen:

• Administering antibiotics within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms is crucial to prevent death.
• Mortality rates associated with treated cases range from 1% to 15%, significantly lower than the 40% to 60% mortality observed in untreated cases.

Additional Supportive Measures:

• Oxygen therapy may be provided to support respiratory function.
• Intravenous fluids help maintain hydration and support overall bodily functions.
• Respiratory support may be necessary in severe cases.

Prophylactic Treatment:

• Individuals who have had contact with anyone infected by pneumonic plague may be given prophylactic antibiotics to prevent the development of the disease.

Streptomycin Effectiveness:

• The use of the broad-spectrum antibiotic streptomycin has demonstrated remarkable success in treating bubonic plague, especially when administered within 12 hours of infection.

Vaccine for Bubonic Plague

While there is no vaccine readily available for the public, because this can easily treated by antibiotics.  bubonic plague is highly treatable with antibiotics specifically chosen for their effectiveness against Yersinia pestis, the bacterium that causes the infection. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial for preventing complications and death.

The most commonly used antibiotics for bubonic plague include:

• Streptomycin: This is the traditional drug of choice for plague, but it can have side effects like hearing loss and kidney damage.
• Gentamicin: This is another older antibiotic that is effective against plague, but it can also have side effects like kidney damage.
• Doxycycline: This is a more recent antibiotic that is also effective against plague and has fewer side effects than streptomycin or gentamicin.
• Ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin: These are fluoroquinolone antibiotics that are also effective against plague and are becoming more commonly used, especially in areas where resistance to other antibiotics is emerging.

The specific antibiotic chosen for treatment will depend on various factors, including:

• The severity of the illness
• The patient’s age and overall health
• The presence of any allergies to antibiotics
• The potential for antibiotic resistance in the local area

What is its Epidemiology?

Between 2010 and 2015, there were 3,248 documented global cases of bubonic plague, resulting in 584 deaths. The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Madagascar, and Peru reported the highest case numbers. From 2001 to 2015, Zambia, India, Malawi, Algeria, China, Peru, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo had the most cases, with Madagascar facing regular epidemics from 2012 to 2017.

1. Siege of Caffa (1346)

During the siege of Caffa (now Feodosiya, Ukraine) in 1346, the Mongol army catapulted plague-infected corpses over the city walls. This is considered one of the earliest instances of biological warfare, as the aim was to spread the disease among the defenders, who then fled, unknowingly carrying the plague with them.

2. Potential as a Bioweapon

The bacterium Yersinia pestis could be manipulated and deployed as a biological weapon due to its ability to cause severe and rapidly spreading infections.

3. Transmission Methods

In a biological warfare scenario, methods such as aerosol dissemination or contamination of water and food supplies could be employed to expose populations to the plague bacterium, particularly in its pneumonic form, which can be transmitted from person to person through respiratory droplets.

4. Impact on Military and Civilian Populations

The use of bubonic plague as a biological weapon could have devastating effects on both military and civilian populations. Plague has the potential for high mortality rates, especially if not promptly treated with antibiotics.

5. Global Concerns

The use of biological weapons, including the intentional release of the plague bacterium, is a significant concern for global security and public health. International agreements, such as the Biological Weapons Convention, aim to prevent the development, acquisition, and use of biological weapons.

Key points to remember about Bubonic Plague UPSC

These are the some key points about Bubonic Plague that you must need to remember while preparing for UPSC exam-

1. Historical Significance: Bubonic plague has a historical impact, notably during the Black Death in the 14th century, causing significant population losses in Europe.
2. Bacterium Responsible: Yersinia pestis is the bacterium responsible for causing bubonic plague.
3. Transmission: The disease is primarily transmitted through the bite of infected fleas, commonly found on small mammals like rats.
4. Symptoms: Bubonic plague symptoms include fever, headache, swollen and painful lymph nodes (buboes), and, in severe cases, septicemia or pneumonic plague.
5. Three Forms: Bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic are the three forms of plague, with varying symptoms and severity.
6. Historical Use in Warfare: The plague has been historically used in biological warfare, notably in the 14th century and during the Second Sino-Japanese War.
7. Global Impact: Despite historical outbreaks, modern antibiotics have significantly reduced the mortality rate, and large-scale epidemics are rare.
8. Economic and Social Impacts: Historical outbreaks, like the Black Death, had profound economic, social, and cultural consequences in Europe.
9. Preventive Measures: Prevention involves pest control, sanitation, and public health measures to control flea populations and limit human exposure.
10. Global Distribution: While historically widespread, contemporary cases are reported in specific regions, including Africa and South America.
11. Diagnosis: Laboratory testing is crucial for confirming bubonic plague, with culture identification and rapid dipstick tests being common methods.
12. Treatment: Antibiotics such as streptomycin, gentamicin, and doxycycline are effective, with prompt treatment significantly improving survival rates.
13. Vaccine: While vaccines exist, they are recommended for high-risk groups, and antibiotics remain the primary treatment.
14. Epidemiology: Recent data indicates cases in specific countries, including the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Madagascar, and Peru.
15. Impact on History: The historical impact of the plague, such as the Black Death, is studied for its profound effects on societies and economies.
16. International Concerns: Biological warfare using the plague is condemned globally, with treaties in place to prevent its use as a weapon.
17. Seasonal Variation: Mortality rates tend to be highest in the summer and early fall.
18. Hygiene Practices: Modern hygiene practices, sanitation, and pest control contribute significantly to preventing outbreaks.
19. Zoonotic Nature: Bubonic plague is zoonotic, meaning it can be transmitted between animals and humans.
20. Public Health Measures: Effective public health strategies, including targeted chemoprophylaxis and quarantine, play a crucial role in preventing and controlling outbreaks.

Key Facts about Bubonic Plague

These are the some key facts that we can consider while knowing the broad understanding of Bubonic Plague-

Interesting Facts about Bubonic Plague

Thee are some interesting facts of Bubonic Plague-

1. Origin of the Name

The term “bubonic” is derived from the Greek word “βουβών,” meaning “groin,” which is a reference to the painful lymph node swellings (buboes) characteristic of the disease.

2. Historical Devastation

The Black Death, a bubonic plague pandemic in the 14th century, is estimated to have wiped out 25-60% of the European population, making it one of the deadliest pandemics in human history.

3. Yersinia Pestis

The bacterium responsible for bubonic plague, Yersinia pestis, was discovered by Alexandre Yersin, a Swiss-French physician, in 1894, during an outbreak in Hong Kong.

4. Role in Genetic Evolution

Research suggests that certain genetic mutations that increased survival chances during the Black Death have been passed down, impacting the genetic makeup of populations today.

5. Transmission by Fleas

Bubonic plague is primarily transmitted through the bite of infected fleas, which often infest small mammals like rats.

6. Biological Warfare

During historical conflicts, armies are reported to have used the plague as a form of biological warfare by catapulting infected corpses over the walls of towns.

7. Rats and Fleas

Rats and fleas played a significant role in the spread of the disease. The bacteria form aggregates in the gut of infected fleas, which are regurgitated into the bite site, infecting the host.

8. Modern Cases

While historical outbreaks were devastating, modern antibiotics have significantly reduced mortality rates, and large-scale epidemics are rare.

9. Zoonotic Nature

Bubonic plague is a zoonotic disease, meaning it can be transmitted between animals and humans. Small mammals, especially rodents, are natural hosts.

10. Impact on Economy

The Black Death had profound economic consequences in Europe, leading to labor shortages, increased wages, and changes in social structures.

11. Pandemic Potential

Despite its historical impact, experts believe that due to modern medical advancements and understanding of the disease, a large-scale pandemic similar to the Black Death is highly unlikely.

12. International Condemnation

The use of bubonic plague in biological warfare has been internationally condemned, and there are treaties in place to prevent its use as a weapon.

13. Seasonal Variation

Mortality rates tend to be higher in the summer and early fall, correlating with increased flea activity.

14. Cultural Impact

The Black Death and subsequent plagues influenced art, literature, and cultural practices during the medieval period, shaping the collective memory of societies.

15. Potential Bioterrorism Concern

Due to its historical use in warfare, bubonic plague is considered a potential agent for bioterrorism, leading to ongoing research and preparedness measures.

FAQs about Bubonic Plague – UPSC questions on Bubonic Plague

Question-1: What is bubonic plague?

Answer. Bubonic plague is a severe infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. It is known for the characteristic painful swellings of lymph nodes (buboes) and has three forms: bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic.

Question-2: How is it transmitted?

Answer. The primary mode of transmission is through the bite of infected fleas, often carried by rodents. In rare cases, it can be transmitted through direct contact with infected tissue or respiratory droplets from an infected person.

Question-3: What are the symptoms of bubonic plague?

Answer. Symptoms include fever, chills, muscle cramps, painful lymph node swelling (buboes), and in severe cases, septicemia and pneumonic symptoms like difficulty breathing.

Question-4: Is bubonic plague treatable?

Answer. Yes, bubonic plague is treatable with antibiotics such as streptomycin, gentamicin, and doxycycline. Early treatment significantly improves the chances of survival.

Question-5: How deadly is bubonic plague?

Answer. Untreated cases have a mortality rate of 40–60%, while with prompt antibiotic treatment, the mortality rate drops to about 1–15%.

Question-6: Can bubonic plague be prevented?

Answer. Prevention involves pest control measures, modern sanitation techniques, and avoiding contact with infected animals. Vaccines are available but are typically recommended for high-risk groups.

Question-7: What historical impact did the Black Death have?

Answer. The Black Death, a bubonic plague pandemic in the 14th century, had profound economic, social, and cultural consequences, leading to labor shortages, increased wages, and changes in European society.

Question-8: Is there a vaccine for bubonic plague?

Answer. While vaccines have been developed, they are generally recommended for high-risk groups such as laboratory personnel and healthcare workers. Vaccination is not the primary method for widespread prevention.

Question-9: Can bubonic plague be used in biological warfare?

Answer. Bubonic plague has been historically used as a biological weapon, including the infamous incident of catapulting infected corpses during medieval conflicts. However, the use of biological weapons is internationally condemned.

Question-10: Are there recent cases of bubonic plague?

Answer. Yes, sporadic cases still occur, with some regions experiencing outbreaks. Between 2010 and 2015, there were 3,248 documented cases globally, with notable occurrences in countries like the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Madagascar, and Peru.